After Emperor Taizong ascended the throne, he took a series of measures to stabilize social order and enhance comprehensive national strength. On this basis, he made great efforts to reform the government institutions in the Tang Dynasty, and paid attention to the relationship with the surrounding political power, so that the society quickly moved towards stability and prosperity. During the more than one hundred years from Zhenguan to Kaiyuan, the national politics and economy of the Tang Dynasty reached unprecedented prosperity and became the most powerful country in the world at that time. In this process, the Tang Dynasty welcomed a student? Japan.
During hundreds of years of cultural exchanges, Japan has absorbed and borrowed many politics and customs of the Tang Dynasty, among which China's political system and bureaucracy are the central contents of Japanese studies after the 7th and 8th centuries. In the eyes of ancient Japanese nobles, the introduction of China official system is one of the important ways to solve the problem of Japan's four strong islands and establish the central authority. Therefore, they regard the government institutions and official system in the Tang Dynasty as a key link in the social operation mechanism.
1. Imitate the Tang Dynasty and use the title of emperor and son of heaven.
In 22 BC1year, the Qin dynasty was founded, and Ying Zheng, the first emperor of Qin, thought? Virtue is the same as Huang San's, with five emperors working high? , then from? Huang San? 、? Five emperors? Take a word each and call it. The emperor? And after that? The emperor? Become the title of head of state in feudal society. Emperor China claimed to be the son of heaven in order to prove the legitimacy of his power. Emperor Taizong once said,? I am the emperor of the Tang Dynasty? It means being born from God, under God and above all others, and it is a bridge between God and people.
The Japanese Mikado system in Nara period absorbed and used China's Mikado system for reference. First of all, the Japanese emperor also flaunted himself as a descendant of God, in order to safeguard his power, as recorded in "Japan Continued". Everything in the world is born. Of all things, man is the most spiritual. Between the two, which is the sage or the emperor? . It is precisely because the emperor of Japan and the emperor of China are under God and above all others that in the Nara era, the emperor of Japan also imitated China and publicly declared? Son of heaven? 、? The emperor? And write it into relevant laws and regulations.
Although Japanese historical materials have repeatedly promoted the emperor? A series of immortals? , is the highest authority to rule Japan from generation to generation, but in Japanese history, the authority of the emperor is not always supreme and sacred. For a long time, Japan's hereditary powerful nobles dominated the imperial power, even to the point where they could be abolished at will.
In order to establish and maintain the supreme authority of the Emperor, the Nara Dynasty revised the Pension Order with reference to the relevant laws and regulations of China. Eight abuses? The most serious crimes are treason, collaboration with the enemy, treason and blasphemy, which directly infringe on imperial power and the country. According to the law, courtiers should? Only loyalty and filial piety Serving your father, if you violate the principle of loyalty and filial piety, have malicious intentions and endanger your position, you should be included in the crime of rebellion; Anyone who destroys the emperor's ancestral temple and palace should be classified as a big crime of rebellion; Attempting to flee abroad is treason; Stealing the sacrificial objects of the imperial court and forging the emperor's seal are blasphemous crimes. All of the above are serious crimes, and those who commit the above crimes will be punished with severe punishments such as beheading, beheading and exile.
The expansion and consolidation of the emperor's power is one of the important symbols of the establishment of Japanese feudal centralization, which is undoubtedly based on the study of the political system of the Tang Dynasty.
2. Imitate the Tang Dynasty and establish the official system in Zheng Tai.
In order to carry out his will and consolidate his rule, the emperor must establish a set of top-down bureaucratic ruling institutions. The system of appointing and dismissing senior officials around the Emperor has become an important part of Japan's centralization. What is the name of this central bureaucracy with the emperor as the core? Too bureaucratic? .
In Japan, officials in charge of state affairs are the core of the central political organization, and their functions are equivalent to the ruling departments of the three provinces in the Tang Dynasty. In Zheng Tai's official system, the highest position is Minister Zheng Tai, who is in charge of the national affairs of the whole country, right? The emperor's teacher? ,? Commander of the four seas? According to the records of the Dabao Order and the Fengling Order, Japanese Minister Zheng Tai imitated the three divisions of the Tang Dynasty. Friends who are familiar with the history of the Tang Dynasty may know that in the Tang Dynasty, what were the responsibilities of the Third Division and the Third Division? A teacher, does the instrument look like the sea? ,? Change yin and yang by discussing the state? During the Nara era in Japan, the duties of Taisheng Minister were exactly the same.
In Zheng Tai's official system, the official positions second only to Zheng Tai are left and right. What are their duties? In charge of public affairs, holding an outline, always rebelling against ordinary things, playing right and wrong? . Their duties and authorities are very similar to those of the left and right servants in Shangshu Province in Tang Dynasty, but the difference is that the left and right servants participated in state affairs from beginning to end in Nara era, while the left and right servants in Tang Dynasty were promoted to prime ministers only after four years in Chang 'an.
In the Tang Dynasty, the position of governor was once called Yan Na. What is its main task? Teller's orders? In the official system of Zheng Tai in Japan, Grand Yan Na is the second most important minister after the left and right ministers. Take what you said above and pass what you said below? It can be seen from this that Yan Na's official position in Japan obviously borrowed the functions of the lower province in the Tang Dynasty.
Commentators are often with important ministers? Participate in world affairs? If the position of left and right ministers becomes vacant, everything in the world will be presided over by Da Yan Na. Although the organizational system of large subordinate institutions did not draw lessons from the provinces under the Tang Dynasty, it basically copied the provinces under the Shang Dynasty. Under Da Yan Na, there are left and right official positions, and they are in charge of eight provinces including the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the Political Department, the Armed Forces Department, the Palace Department, the Military Department and the Criminal Department.
It can be seen that the official position of Zheng Tai in Nara era in Japan not only imitated the system of Tang Dynasty, but also had very similar functions. On the basis of learning from the Tang Dynasty, Japan formed a centralized core bureaucratic system headed by the emperor and built the command system of Nara feudal country.