We live in an era when fast food culture prevails. Everything is pursuing fast, eating fast, doing fast and learning fast. There is a problem in our current historical and cultural research, that is, we pursue too fast, can't settle down, can't chew the original, and only pursue fast food. We tend to acquire knowledge in vernacular, so-called "easy-to-understand" articles and so on. The more vernacular the language is, the more cartoonish it is, and the higher its popularity is. We try our best to absorb knowledge with sensory pleasure, often ignoring higher-level learning. No one can study instead of us. The articles we read from others are the painstaking efforts of others and the results and products of learning and thinking after reading and studying other people's works. But if you really want to learn the real thing, you have to start with raw water. You will find that the original work is not only a few simplified story outlines, but also has strong logic, high literary appreciation, deep concept of governing the country and so on, even if you just regard it as one. So I say that history is serious and solemn, but it can also be interesting, but it must not be vulgar and market-oriented. Writing close to the public is a philosopher's methodology, but the purpose of being close to the public is to go deep into the public, not to obey it. History is best not to be despised.
Sima Qian wrote Historical Records. In the preface, the old gentleman did his duty and said, "The ancestors said,' When the Duke of Zhou died at the age of 500, Confucius was born. As for the five hundred years after Confucius' death, is it possible to spread it after the Spring and Autumn Period and this poem? "I'm serious! I am serious! How dare you give in, boy? "This is everyone's confidence. After he finished writing this work, he has seen the influence of this book on the future. Sima Qian created biographical style, most of the twenty-four histories are biographical style, and the templates are all from Mr. Sima Qian's books. The advantage of reading biographies is that, like reading biographies, things are concentrated, or they can be said to be relatively unified in space. For example, if you are in the same strain as a family, then the stories are basically in the same field, and the spatial continuity is very good. However, one of the shortcomings of biographical style is that time is easy to be confused, and things in different regions in the same period can not be well compared, especially in ancient times, when time was recorded by the year of the monarch, the country was not unified and easy to be confused. Zi Tong Zhi Jian adopts chronological style, which makes up for this deficiency. The problem with chronology is that people's deeds are not concentrated, which may distract our observation of people. Therefore, a better method is based on Zi Tong Zhi Jian and assisted by reading Historical Records, which can be used as a way to understand the history of Qin and Han Dynasties.
Therefore, according to this method of reading history, I started with Zi Tong Zhi Jian and began to systematically study the stories before the Jin Dynasty. Reading history can improve our wisdom, make the past serve the present, and develop our own thinking in the nuances of history, which sometimes brings us different gains, but at least it is the most basic. In an era of civilization and prosperity, we should have some basic cultural knowledge.
In addition, I think that when reading history, we should use more tools, methods and thinking of science and engineering to study, and we will find many interesting things outside the story. Having studied surveying and mapping and cartography, I am naturally interested in maps and topography. Therefore, when reading history, tools such as maps are necessary tools, and productivity factors such as production tools at that time are also my focus, so as to see some strategies more clearly.
The Romance of the Three Kingdoms begins by saying, "Great events in the world must be divided for a long time." Throughout history, the development of dynasties evolved in the process of separation and integration. As the saying goes, "It's better to be a peaceful dog than leave people in chaos." When a country's political power is unstable and there is particularly great chaos, people's lives cannot be guaranteed. In the history of China, the country was in a period of division and was caught in a scuffle between princes. This feature was most obvious in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, generally speaking, the first impression given to many people was chaos, although we learned many allusions and wonderful stories from various places. But as mentioned above, we know more about the concept of biographies, so many times we can't understand the temporal order and spatial geographical relationship between them. Therefore, it is necessary to study and interpret this history systematically.
The first sentence at the beginning of Zi Tong Zhi Jian: "Jin Dafu Wei, Evonne, Han Qian, new prefects." Then there is Sima Guang's political essay. It can be seen that the division of Jin between the three schools is a major historical watershed in the pre-Qin period. It is an important symbol to distinguish the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Since the Jin Dynasty was on the verge of extinction, small countries were annexed by big countries one after another, and the era of hegemony ended, which made countries more restrained. So, what is the division of the three tribes into Jin? Limited to space, we will discuss it in the next section!
Each volume of Zi Jian is in the form of "Zhou Jiyi (taking a photo of Yong, trying to sleep for 35 years)", which is a method of ancient chronology and can be compared with heavenly stems and earthly branches. See below for details:
Four-year-old Yang: Tai sui meets A, Meng meets B, Rou Zhao meets C, Zhuang Zhao meets D, He meets E, Tu does not meet G, Shiguang meets Xin, Xuan Yu ren, Zhaoyang meets Gui.
Lunar New Year's Eve: When I was older, I took photos in the shade, in Mao, in Chen, in the wild, depressed in the afternoon, out of touch, in Shen, in sorrow, in Yan, in deep sorrow, in the child. See Erya Shi Tian above.
The 20-year-old Yang corresponds to the heavenly stems, and the 20-year-old Yin corresponds to the earthly branches. Dry-branch method is used by the ancients to record time and is the crystallization of our great wisdom.
Reading history books will always be confused by the surnames of the ancients, such as Ying and Zhao. If Zhao and Qin are ancestors, then they are both surnamed Win, but the monarch of Zhao is also called Zhao. This is an investigation of the ancient surname system. Surname and surname are two different things. The surname is clan number, which indicates lineage and originated from tribal totem. We can see that there are many animal and plant names in the early surnames, and these surnames are also relatively old, such as bears and tigers, which are all related to the early totem worship. At the earliest time, the society was matriarchal, so there were female characters beside many surnames at that time, such as Win of Qin, Ji of Zhou and Jiang of Qi. Last name is different from last name. A surname is a branch under a surname. With the increase of population, some people leave and move to other places. This one is called surname. In the past, it was forbidden to marry with the same surname, which well prevented the marriage of close relatives. You are related by blood with the same surname, so use surname to distinguish blood relationship. However, people with the same surname but different surnames can get married. In addition, after marriage, a woman must take her husband's surname, such as Qi Jiang, whose real name is Jiang, and marry Qi Ren or a place with Qi surname. There are still some such cultural relics in Taiwan Province Province today.
Guangda Chen said: I heard that the position of the son of heaven is greater than ceremony, ceremony is greater than points, and points are greater than names. What is a gift? Ji Gang is also; What is a score? This is also; What is a name? Male, Hou, Qing, doctor also. The husband is a man from all over the world, a man of many people, and is subject to one person. Although he has unparalleled strength and great wisdom, he dares not to run and serve. Isn't being polite a discipline? Therefore, the son of heaven unified the Three Kingdoms, and the Three Kingdoms led the princes, and the princes established Qing Dafu, who ruled Shu Ren. You are dear and cheap, and cheap is expensive. Under the command of the superior, transport the brothers and sisters of Judah to make leaves fundamentally; The next thing you know, you're still the confidant of your brothers and sisters, and your branches and roots are protected. Then we can protect each other and safeguard national security. Therefore, the status of the son of heaven is greater than ceremony.
The preface "Yi" headed by Gan Kun. Confucius said, "Heaven respects the earth and decides it. If it is high, it will be Chen, and if it is low, it will be expensive." When it comes to the position of monarch and minister, it is not easy. "Spring and Autumn Annals" suppressed princes and respected Zhou Shi. Although Wang Ren was slight, he was above the princes, so he was not ashamed when he saw the saints of monarchs and ministers. Unless there is Jie and Zhou's violence, Tang and Wu Zhiren all belong to it, and their destiny is divided into monarch and minister. It's just a matter of staying awake and dying. Therefore, if you change it into a particle, it will become soup with the sky; There is too much blood for Ji Zha and Wu Jun. But the second son would rather die than do it, with great ceremony and sincerity. Therefore, courtesy is more important than parting.
Gifts, divide the noble and the humble, order relatives and friends, cut things, and take care of ordinary things. It is not a name, nor a device. The name is given by fate, and the instrument is different, and then there is a connection between the superior and the subordinate. This is also a great ceremony. When the famous ship died, the ceremony was safe. In the past, Uncle Zhong made meritorious service to Wei, resigned from the city and invited countless tassels. Confucius thought it would be better to spend more time with him. Only the equipment and name, no dummy, and so is your company. When the government dies, the country dies with it. Wei Jun regarded Confucius as a politician, and Confucius had to clear his name first, thinking that the people whose names were not right were at a loss. The husband is numerous and small, and Confucius cherishes it; Correct the name, the details are also, Confucius comes first. To be honest, there is no reason for the confusion of famous products. Nothing can happen without being born small. Sages are far-sighted, so they can be cautious; People's knowledge is close, so we must wait and then save. With a little treatment, you will work less and do more; If you are saved, you will try your best but you can't. The Book of Changes says, "When you are on the frost, the ice is firm", and the book says, "Ten thousand dollars a day, two days" refers to this kind of thing. So the point is greater than the name.
Oh! You, Li lost his virtue, Zhou Dao declined day by day, discipline and discipline were scattered, governors took their place, and doctors were good at politics. General ceremony, even lost 70% to 80%. However, the worship of literature and martial arts continues, and the descendants of Zhou can still maintain their birthright. Why is there still a long way to go? In the past, Jin Wengong made great contributions to the royal family, so please go to Wang Xiang directly, but Wang Xiang refused, saying, "So did Zhang Wang. Having two kings without virtue is also my uncle's evil. Otherwise, my uncle has land and tunnels, so why bother? " Wen Gong was too scared to disobey. Therefore, the land of Zhou is not bigger than that of Cao and Teng, and it is unpopular in Zhu and Ju 'an. However, hundreds of years later, he has ruled the world. Although he is better than Jin, Chu, Qi and Qin, he dare not add them up. Just a name, but also a reason. As for Ji's surname to Lu, Tian Chang to Qi, Bai Gong to Chu and Zhi Bo to Jin, they are independent of each other. However, people who dare not die cannot bear it. I am afraid that the traitors will split and the whole world will be punished together. Today, doctors in the state of Jin abuse their monarch and divide the state of Jin, but the son of heaven can neither ask for it nor spoil it, making it a vassal in name only and abandoning it. The ceremony of my late king is over. Or think, when it is, Zhou Shi is weak and Sanjin is strong. Although it is not allowed, can it be obtained? That's not true. Although the husband Sanjin is strong, if he violates the righteousness, he will disregard the world and stand on his own feet without asking the son of heaven. Self-reliance without seeking the son of heaven is a rebel. If there is a king of Huan Wen in the world, it must be levied with courtesy and righteousness. Today, the emperor was invited, and the emperor agreed, because the emperor ordered him to be a vassal. Who can ask for it! Therefore, listing Sanjin as a vassal is not a bad gift for Sanjin, but a bad gift for Tianzi.
Oh! If the ceremony of the monarch and the minister is not good, the world will benefit from each other's wisdom, and then the sage will be a vassal, and the country will die and the people will be harmed. Isn't it sad!
Welcome to the catalogue and enjoy the previous content: reading the history notes catalogue.