The invention of compass is the result of ancient ancestors' observation and research on magnetic phenomena. In the process of observing and studying magnetic phenomena, ancient ancestors further understood the properties of magnetism and tried to apply these properties more. Legend has it that when Qin Shihuang built Epang Palace, one of the palace doors was made of magnets. If an assassin passes by with a sword, he will be caught by the guards at once. There are many such stories. According to the biography of Malone in the Book of Jin, Malone led his troops westward into Gansu and Shaanxi, and piled up magnets on both sides of the narrow path that the enemy had to pass through. When enemy soldiers wearing real armor passed by, they were firmly absorbed and could not move. Malone's soldiers wear rhinoceros armour, and the magnets have no effect on them, so they can move freely. The enemy thought the magic weapon would retreat without a fight. It is recorded in the Foreign Matter Records of the Eastern Han Dynasty that there are some reefs and shoals around the South China Sea Islands containing magnets, which often attract ships that are "blocked by iron leaves", making it difficult to sail.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, our ancestors already had a lot of knowledge about the properties of magnets. Even Cao Zhi, a poet at that time, used "a magnet attracts iron, but gold is not connected" in Jiao Zhi's poems. Sentence. It can be seen that he also knows the nature of magnets. Tao Hongjing of Liang Southern and Northern Dynasties put forward the magnetic survey method in Records of Famous Doctors. He pointed out that excellent magnets are produced in the south, which are very magnetic and can attract three or four iron needles, so that several needles can be hung on the magnets end to end. Magnets with stronger magnetism can attract more than ten iron needles, and even hold one or two pounds of knives. Tao Hongjing not only pointed out the strength and weakness of magnetism, but also pointed out the measurement method. This may be the earliest magnetic measurement record in the world.
Our ancestors' research and understanding of the properties of magnets is the basis for the invention and development of compasses.
In ancient times, compasses were mainly used by geomancers to take pictures of houses and graves, and also for navigation and other things. It is the latter that has played a great role in the progress of human society, so the compass can be ranked among the four great inventions in ancient times. The ancient books in China recorded that the compass was used for navigation, which began in the Song Dynasty (119) with Mi Zhu's Zhou Ping Carving Tan. The book says: "A boatman knows geography, but he looks at the stars at night, the sun during the day and the compass at night." Since then, similar documents have emerged one after another, which shows that the compass has spread rapidly in navigation activities. This invention was later introduced into Europe by * * *, which had a great influence on the navigation industry in Europe and even the civilization process of the whole human society.
Second, the significance of the compass's external communication Once invented, the compass was quickly applied to military affairs, production, daily life, topographic survey and other aspects, especially navigation.
The application of compass in navigation has a gradual development process. Zhou Pingke Tan, which is a little later than Meng Qian's Bi Tan, records: "Sailors know geography, but they watch the stars at night, the sun by day and the compass in the dark."
This is the earliest record of using a compass in the history of world navigation. It is pointed out that the compass was only used when the sun, moon and stars could not be seen at that time, indicating that the compass was not skilled at first.
More than 20 years later, Xu Jing's "Illustrated Classic of Xuanhefeng Li Zhigao" has a similar record: "Just look at the stars. If it is gloomy, pat the north and south with a floating needle." In the Yuan Dynasty, the compass became the most important tool for maritime navigation.
Whether it is sunny or cloudy, I use a compass to navigate. Moreover, the compass needle position connection diagram of different navigation locations using compass navigation is also compiled, which is called "needle track"
When a ship arrives at a certain place, the direction of the needle position and the route along the way are clearly marked as the basis for sailing. The invention of compass is the result of ancient ancestors' observation and research on magnetic phenomena.
In the process of observing and studying magnetic phenomena, ancient ancestors further understood the properties of magnetism and tried to apply these properties more. Legend has it that when Qin Shihuang built Epang Palace, one of the palace doors was made of magnets.
If an assassin passes by with a sword, he will be caught by the guards at once. There are many such stories. According to the biography of Malone in the Book of Jin, Malone led his troops westward into Gansu and Shaanxi, and piled up magnets on both sides of the narrow path that the enemy had to pass through.
When enemy soldiers wearing real armor passed by, they were firmly absorbed and could not move. Malone's soldiers wear rhinoceros armour, and the magnets have no effect on them, so they can move freely.
The enemy thought the magic weapon would retreat without a fight. It is recorded in the Foreign Matter Records of the Eastern Han Dynasty that there are some reefs and shoals around the South China Sea Islands containing magnets, which often attract ships that are "blocked by iron leaves", making it difficult to sail.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, our ancestors already had a lot of knowledge about the properties of magnets. Even Cao Zhi, a poet at that time, used "a magnet attracts iron, but gold is not connected" in Jiao Zhi's poems.
Sentence. It can be seen that he also knows the nature of magnets.
Tao Hongjing of Liang Southern and Northern Dynasties put forward the magnetic survey method in Records of Famous Doctors. He pointed out that excellent magnets are produced in the south, which are very magnetic and can attract three or four iron needles, so that several needles can be hung on the magnets end to end. Magnets with stronger magnetism can attract more than ten iron needles, and even hold one or two pounds of knives.
Tao Hongjing not only pointed out the strength and weakness of magnetism, but also pointed out the measurement method. This may be the earliest magnetic measurement record in the world.
Our ancestors' research and understanding of the properties of magnets is the basis for the invention and development of compasses. In ancient times, compasses were mainly used by geomancers to take pictures of houses and graves, and also for navigation and other things.
It is the latter that has played a great role in the progress of human society, so the compass can be ranked among the four great inventions in ancient times. The ancient books in China recorded that the compass was used for navigation, which began in the Song Dynasty (119) with Mi Zhu's Zhou Ping Carving Tan. The book says: "A boatman knows geography, but he looks at the stars at night, the sun during the day and the compass at night."
Since then, similar documents have emerged one after another, which shows that the compass has spread rapidly in navigation activities. This invention was later introduced into Europe by * * *, which had a great influence on the navigation industry in Europe and even the civilization process of the whole human society.
The history of the invention, development, application and outward spread of the compass in China: During the Warring States Period, people made a guiding tool-Sina. In the Song Dynasty, the working people mastered the technology of making artificial magnets and made compass fish. At the end of the eleventh century, compasses began to be used for navigation. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the magnetic needle and the azimuth instrument were assembled into a whole, which was the compass. In the Yuan Dynasty, there were also hand-made guide turtles and compass fish. The usage recorded in ancient books is: "A boatman is familiar with geography, watching the stars at night, watching the sun during the day and looking at the compass dimly". "When ships come and go, they only take the compass as a guide, and the difference between day and night is better than how". It is said that it was about 165438 at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty.
Compass is one of the great inventions in the history of China, and it is also an important contribution of China to the development of world civilization.
Compass is a pointing instrument made of the north and south polarities of magnets in the earth's magnetic field. The picture on the left shows the hook pointer repair model.
This characteristic of magnets was used by the ancients to make guiding tools. The earliest tour guide was Sina, which was widely used in China.
It is made of natural magnets and looks like a spoon. Its center of gravity is in the middle of the bottom, the chassis is smooth, and there are 24 directions engraved around it. When in use, put the spoon on the chassis and gently stir it with your hands to make it rotate. When it stops, the long handle points south. Wang Chong in the Eastern Han Dynasty (on balance? Its shape and usage are recorded.
(Guiguzi? In the article), it is also said that Zheng people went to distant places to collect jade, and in order to avoid getting lost, they took Sina away. In addition, the invention of the compass also promoted this instrument to a higher level.
The right picture shows the South Guide Car Model, and the following picture shows the imaginary pictures of South Guide Fish and Sina Car Model respectively. Sina, made of natural magnets, has low finished products and weak magnetism.
In the Song Dynasty, people invented the artificial magnetization method and made a guide fish and a compass, which was more simple and practical. Natural magnets are used to rub steel needles to keep the guiding performance under the action of geomagnetic field; In the future, it will be installed on the azimuth disk, called a compass.
This is a great leap in the history of compass development. The picture on the left shows the navigation compass used in Qing Dynasty.
? B also made a detailed study on the method of placing the compass, summed up four different methods and compared them: First, Shui Piao method. Shen Kuo didn't explain how to float the compass on the water to indicate the direction.
In the late northern song dynasty, pharmacologist kou zong? 】 (herbal extension? It turns out that putting a wick on the compass can make the needle float. The disadvantage of water flotation is that the magnetic needle will swing with the water.
Second, the nail rotation method. Putting the magnetic needle on the nail can run flexibly, but the disadvantage is that it is easy to slide down.
Third, the bowl and lip rotation method. Putting the magnetic needle on the edge of the bowl can also rotate freely, but it is also easy to fall off.
Fourth, the hanging line method. Take a new cotton thread, stick it in the center of the magnetic needle with a little wax, and hang it in a windless place to indicate the direction.
Comparatively speaking, Shen Kuo thinks this method is the most ideal. The picture on the right shows four experimental restoration designs of the sunken compass.
Compass is a common directional tool in 1 1 century. The greatest contribution of compass is that it greatly promotes the development of navigation.
According to research, the compass began to be used for navigation at the end of 1 1. From the end of 12 century to the beginning of 13 century, the compass was introduced to * * * by sea and then to Europe by * * *.
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