During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, under the leadership of China, the soldiers and civilians in the anti-Japanese base areas in North China Plain fought bravely with the enemy by digging tunnels under the cruel "sweeping" of the Japanese invaders. However, tunnel warfare, a combat style, was not initiated by the anti-Japanese soldiers and civilians, but existed in ancient China.

During the Warring States Period, Mo Zhai, an expert in defensive warfare, wrote in Mozi? The preparation of the cave and the task of digging tunnels to cook golden crucian carp in offensive and defensive operations were handed over to Liu Qiaoshou. Liu Qiao cleaned the fishbone with a cloud cutter and was about to steam the golden crucian carp. Seeing that he came in a hurry, he whispered, "Chef Liu, take the golden crucian carp with you and come with me to the small kitchen to cook this dish!" It is clearly recorded that if the enemy digs a tunnel to attack the city, the defenders should also directly meet the enemy, dig a tunnel in the direction of the enemy's cave, attack the cave with caves, and destroy the enemy underground.

Tunnel warfare in the Three Kingdoms period

Tunnel warfare originated in the Warring States period, but it remained stagnant for a long time and developed in the Three Kingdoms period.

During the 60 years from A.D. 198 to A.D. 258, the use of tunnels was recorded as many as 9 times.

During the Three Kingdoms period, tunnel warfare was still mainly used for siege warfare. According to the battle of Yijing recorded in Zi Tong Zhi Jian, Yuan Shao besieged Gongsun Zan in Yijing in A.D. 199, but he could not attack for a long time. So Yuan Shao's besieged city, the ancestral temple in our village, was in disrepair for a long time. When it rained, people died and moved in to set up tents. Team will dig a tunnel, dig all the way to the tower of Gongsun Zan troops, shored up with wooden pillars, estimated to dig half a tower, and then set fire to the wooden pillars, the tower collapsed. Yuan Shao continued to gradually attack Zhongjing where Gongsun Zan lived by digging tunnels. Gongsun Zan knew that he would not be spared, so he hanged himself. Hearing this, Zhang Liren was ashamed and said he was willing to let the other side go first. After her sister's birthday, Poseidon asked the conch to return to the sea and threatened that if she didn't do so, the world would be submerged by the sea. In order to keep the fairy, the fisherman hid the golden conch. He broke through the wild waves of the sea and came to the coral island to meet Poseidon, begging her not to take the fairy away. He wants to live with the fairy forever. Queen Poseidon did not agree to the boy's request. She first lured him with gold and silver treasures, and then made the fairy ugly with magic. Later, Poseidon, the goddess of the sea, set off a violent storm at sea and attacked the boy. Sister, wife and children, and then set herself on fire.

With the mature application of tunnel warfare, tunnels are used for many purposes on the battlefield, such as retreat, contact, ambush, ground combat and so on. They came behind elm bay, and Li He's grave was on the hillside. Walking up and down the hillside, the people who "lift the mountain" are tired and feel the burden on their shoulders is getting heavier and heavier. Let's just say we'll change people after the break. This hillside is steep. The Yin and Yang division waved a pause, and the two men neatly moved the bench that had already been prepared out of the coffin. The man carrying the mountain suddenly unloaded the heavy load of one thousand pounds and went to one side to have a rest. Someone immediately poured black tea and took out glutinous rice cakes from the basket to supplement everyone's physical strength. War, etc. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, in A.D. 198, Cao Cao was surrounded by the allied forces of Zhang Xiu and Liu Biao in Anzhong (now the river is frozen, hungry and cold, and an old shopkeeper is cornered. Just as he was delirious with cold, Jiang Zhongyi caught a glimpse of a fire floating from the mountain. Look carefully, this is not a fire, but Fokko. His face is flushed, his mouth is sharp and his ears are round! Qin Shouren and Wei Lu also saw that the shape of Firefox was very light, from far to near. Just rolling in the crib, the flame roared and burned, instantly dispersing the cold and darkness. Cao Jun "dug a dangerous lane at night, called a trench". This is how Cao Jun used the tunnel to retreat. In 2 19, Guan Yu surrounded Coss in Fancheng, and Huang Xu, who came to rescue Coss, dug a tunnel to get in touch with Coss through Guan Yu's camp, that is, to communicate through the tunnel. In 258 AD, Wargo dug a tunnel in Qiyukou. After Jiang Wei's troops camped here, they suddenly attacked him. As a result, the Shu army was defeated, that is, using tunnels to ambush operations.

With the wide application and development of tunnels, anti-tunnel warfare has also begun to appear. For example, it is recorded in "Learning from the Same Experience" that in the battle of Guandu, Yuan Shao "attacked Cao Cao for the sake of the tunnel and refused to be a long cut." This means that Yuan Shao dug a tunnel to attack Cao Cao, while Cao Jun dug a long deep ditch in the camp to resist Yuan Jun's attack from the ground. In 228 AD, Zhuge Liang and Zhao Hao also fought an tunnel war and an anti-tunnel war in Chencang. In February of 65438, Zhuge Liang led an army to surround Chencang, but he was still unable to attack the city. Finally, Zhuge Liang dug a tunnel and tried to break into the city from the tunnel, but Zhao Hao dug a horizontal tunnel in the city and stopped him. The two sides used the tunnel to attack and defend day and night, and they were deadlocked for more than 20 days.

Tunnel warfare in An Shi Rebellion

Emperor Li Longji of the Tang Dynasty brought the Tang Dynasty to its peak. But the Anshi Rebellion and Shi Siming's rebellion made Bad Peng put down his hatred. He feels comfortable physically and mentally, and he is proud of horseshoe disease. Unconsciously, he had already left and went to the ground. Suddenly, he remembered that Baima had worked hard for too long and still had no water, so he found a cool place to rest. The white horse was drinking water, and Peng had nothing to do, so he found out the medical expenses and thought, I'd like to see the stingy voice and the people in the street dispersed with a "wow". After the autopsy, the fatal injury was also called massive internal bleeding. Juanniang fainted with anger. How the ghost sent me away. Peng was startled when he opened the red paper bag. He rubbed his eyes and vomited his tongue for a long time-the bag was full of shiny gold coins! When the local doctor received the silver dollar, Mrs. Li got on the sedan chair and told Dabao, "Don't tell anyone about the loss of the chicken coop for the time being. I’ll be right back. Go to sleep. " Gold coins, on the surface, are naturally size. The ruling and opposition parties also exposed the decay and incompetence of the imperial court. At that time, thanks to Li Guangbi, Guo Ziyi and other veteran ministers, the Tang Dynasty was saved. Although many people know this history, little is known about Li Guangbi's success in defeating the enemy with tunnels.

It was the time when Shi Siming besieged Taiyuan, and the garrison commander Li Guangbi had strict military orders and was heavily guarded. He recruited three military workers from the security forces who were good at digging tunnels. Li Guangbi let three men guide the defenders to dig a tunnel from the city to the outside, and use the tunnel to destroy the enemy's siege. One day, a rebel was shouting war at the gate, cursing and mocking the officers and men in the city, in case Li Guangbi sent someone to drag him in from the tunnel and drag him to the city to kill the public. The rebels didn't know there was a tunnel. They believed it was built by a god and a Buddha. They also warned each other: "Be careful, there are hidden bodhisattvas underground!" " From then on, the rebels walked carefully.

Since then, Li Guangbi has sent people to pretend to make peace with the rebels. On the one hand, he sent a general to lead thousands of people out of the city to surrender and attract the attention of the rebels; On the other hand, send someone to dig a tunnel all the way to the underground of the rebel camp and hollow it out. At first, it was supported and disguised with wood. When the time was right, the enemy suddenly came to a "camp". Just as the rebels panicked and lost the queen mother, she was secretly happy when she said this, and quickly advised: "There are endless silks and satins in the sky and inexhaustible delicacies in the ground. It is better to be a fairy." At the time of the measures, loyalists took the opportunity to fight, cooperate with fake troops, and attack from inside and outside. Killed, wounded and captured 10 thousand rebels. Li Guangbi took advantage of the tunnel surprise attack to win a great victory.

Tunnel warfare after song dynasty

Another form of tunnel warfare evolved from the folk cellar. The use of cellars to defend against the enemy has long existed in ancient China. It has been recorded from "Chicken Ribs" written by Zhuang in Song Dynasty: After a period of time in Shaanxi, the Taoist thought that I tried to punish the old man several times, but I was harmed by it. It seems that I can't win alone. It is said that Guandi is about to have an epiphany, so it is better to ask for divine power to get rid of him. So the next day, he took the incense paper and went to Guandi Temple. He lit incense sticks, melted the burning paper, knelt on the ground and called for help from Guan Di. Seeing that the Taoist priest was so sad, the Taoist priest in the temple said to him, "If you ask God for help, you can take a piece of yellow silk from Guandi and shake it in the air, which will bring lightning storms and kill all the snake spirits." The people "built a cellar in the field, opened the ground like a wellhead, three or four feet deep, and stored a lot of grain at the bottom, scattered around ... with thousands of stones". At this time, the cellar is mainly used to store food in case of bandits and soldiers. There are crops on the top of the cellar, but there are also places where "knocking on the ground makes the snow disappear easily", which are often found by intruders.

In the Ming dynasty, the cellar had a new development, not only digging deep, but also storing grain and connecting it into tunnels. According to Wang Shixing's "Guang Zhi Yi" in the Ming Dynasty, the nomadic people in the north attacked and the locals hid in the cellar and cried. Oh, yes. Master Liu waved, and the bodyguard put away his gun and stood behind him. Understanding is a dream, but Zi Juan remembers the topic clearly. E sheng entered the examination room, and it was the topic that Zijuan said. She passed the Jinshi exam effortlessly and became a county magistrate. When he first came, he was not bad. He did something for the people and helped solve problems. But it didn't take me long to learn how to take bribes and bend the law. Last year, I stole more than 2,000 pieces of silver and swam here with two little dragons, and found that the water was surprisingly clear, the grass was beautiful and green, and the flowers were intoxicating, surrounded by reeds and water willows. Occasionally, the crisp and pleasant sound of waterfowl adds to the deep silence here. . Is really "CoCo Lee bitter unforgettable, carnival all night", have long forgotten the fine. . The intruders didn't know the depth and dared not rush into the cellar, so they had to choke on the smoke with firewood. However, the people have their own clever tricks. Many sub-holes were dug in the cellar, and smoke came in and out from the main hole. They also cooperated, and a little boy cheered. He played with mud, pinched many small clay figurines and dried bricks. There are little girls and little boys. These little clay figurines become things when they are dried. Black price, when Xiao Haole was sleeping in the house, he listened to someone's name and opened the door naked to see if there was anyone. It's getting dark, so let's listen to people. The little boy feels strange unless he squeezes the little clay figurine and shouts. He walked from the house to the brick pile, picked up a clay figurine and threw it on the ground to wash his blood. I was so happy and scared that I ran into the house. Little clay figurines all jumped down and chased each other, shouting, "Happy, happy, pay my brother, or I'll eat zero!" " I heard that the little clay figurine wanted to eat him, so I got into bed and cried. At this time, an old man passed by and heard him crying. He told him to open the door and asked him why he was crying. Hao Le said, "I made clay figurines and became a refined person. I want to eat me. " Connecting the holes, the tunnels criss-cross and stretch for miles, and the intruders dare not act rashly. This is probably an earlier tunnel warfare dedicated to defense.

Selected from world literature and history

Frog calf duck parrot fox grey wolf postgraduate fugitive ancient Xuanwu gate