Main items: The Qin people in Boyi and Qin Xiaogong are a branch of the Han people who moved westward. The ancestor of the Qin Dynasty was the sage Boyi, who was a descendant of Zhuan Xu (note: Lei Zu, the princess of the Yellow Emperor, gave birth to two sons: the first was Xiao Xuan, and the second was Changyi; Mysterious arrogance is extremely high; Gao E gave birth to three sons: Di Ku, the father of the great cause; Chang Yisheng has a son named Zhuan Xu, and Zhuan Xu has a female name show; Daye's father married Zhuan Xu's daughter Xiu and gave birth to Daye; Daye married a woman and gave birth to Boyi. According to historical records, Daye, Boyi and Yi are different people. Ben is an ancient tribal leader, and Shun Di gave him the surname "Win". [3] In the late summer, Chang Fei (the great-grandson of Ruomu, the second son of Boyi) went to Xia Jie, and in the summer, he went to Shang Dynasty and was defeated by Shang Tang. Later, the Shang Dynasty was assisted by the won surname from generation to generation, so there are many won surnames in history.
At the end of Shang Dynasty, Fei Lian (son of Zhong Sun of Boyi IX) and E Lai (eldest son of Fei Lian and younger brother of E Lai, namely Ji Sheng) served him with material strength. In the latter Zhou Dynasty, King Wu cut him down and defeated the Shang army. King Wu shot E to vent his anger, and Fei Lian ran to Huotai Mountain and won his surname. Arrived, Zhao Fu (note: Fei Lian's second son Ji Sheng gave birth to Meng Zeng, Meng Zeng gave birth to his father, and his father gave birth to Zhao Fu) was Zhou, putting down the chaos of thousands of miles and was sealed in Zhao Cheng. His clan is Zhao [9], and Zhao Fu's grandnephew is not a child (note: evil afterlife gives birth to female defense, and female defense gives birth to high side, and high side gives birth to too many, too big, too big. Later, Qin Xianggong saved Zhou Yougong and became a vassal. [4][ 10] At that time, in order to seek the rejuvenation of Qiang Bing, countries began to reform their laws. Dare to be the first in the world, take the lead in using and writing Six Chapters of Fa Jing as the way to govern the country, and formulate a set of economic policies to develop geographical advantages and reward farming, making Wei more powerful. [1 1] In order to change the situation that Qin State was bullied by Chu State and Wei State, ambitious Qin Xiaogong (38 BC1-338 BC) ascended the throne in 362 BC (19 years old) and decided to revive Qin State and reproduce the great achievements of Mu Gong. Qin Xiaogong did not hesitate to reward him, ordered him to collect talents, and issued an order to collect talents to the world: "If there are guests and ministers, you can make a coup for Qiang Qin, and I respect the officials and share the land with them." [1 1- 12] There must be a brave man under the four questions. Defender Shang Yang is this brave man. Wei ren, [13] helped carry out political reform and moved the capital to Xianyang (now northeast of Xianyang, Shaanxi). [1 1][ 14] Shang Yang Reform
Main entry: Shang Yang (about 390 BC-338 BC), a politician in the Warring States Period, was a famous representative of Legalism. Descendants of patriotic monarchs,
The name of Gongsun's family is Wei Yang, also called Gongsun Yang. Because of the meritorious service in political reform, it was sealed in business, so it was also called Shang Yang. Under the recommendation of Jing Jian, a dutiful minion, Shang Yang put forward a set of reform plans, that is, "be honest and clean, and repay evil with good". Qin Xiaogong appreciates it very much and is determined to carry out political reform. [16- 19] First, implement the method of sitting together. In 356 BC, Shang Yang "asked the people what to do with the company, and didn't sue the traitors", and "the traitors and the Japanese pirates were punished together". [20] Later, it was forbidden for family members to "share indoor interests", which made fathers and sons, men and women different. [2 1-22] In addition, it is also called "fighting figurines and weighing governance", which is measured in a unified way; Implement the county system; Shang Yang collected all the small cities, townships and cities in the country into forty-one counties, and the counties were established in an orderly manner, destroying the fiefs of the old nobles and strengthening the centralization of the country. [23] There are standardized measurement standards all over the country to facilitate taxation and exchange. It has played a positive role in the unification of tax system and salary system, and is conducive to eliminating the influence of local separatist forces.
Second, attach importance to agriculture and restrain business, and reward agriculture and weaving. According to Shang Yang's law, farmers who "cause more millet and silks" can be exempted from corvee or rent tax, and those who don't work hard or abandon their roots are punished as servants. [24] Moreover, people who have more than two sons who are not separated from their families are "double-endowed". [2 1] Later, the mining field was abandoned, buildings were opened, land was allowed to be bought and sold, and private ownership of land was recognized. This is the only case in the Warring States period in which state politics and decrees were used to change land ownership nationwide. Pave the way for the development of centralized economy. These policies are conducive to the population proliferation, corvee and household registration tax collection, and promote the development of feudal economy. [25] Third, avoid private fighting and reward meritorious military service. According to the size of military service, he was awarded a title of nobility and implemented a 20-level title system. In addition to the stone-clearing system, farmland houses are allocated according to the level of aristocratic titles. Those who have no military service cannot get a title, and those who fight privately will be punished. [26] "Military achievements" are based on the first series of killing the enemy as the basis for rewards. This move broke the official system of Shi Lu, and the soldier can be promoted to one grade by beheading an enemy general, which is much higher than the rule that Wei only rewards eight taels of copper. Even servants can be promoted for military service. Without military service, even the nobles in the past could only enjoy civilian treatment. [25][27] Purpose and function of measures
"Open up and close the border", "abandon the mining field" and "buy and sell by the people", recognize the private ownership of land, abolish the mining field system in legal form, reclaim wasteland and affirm the legitimacy of private ownership of land.
Abolish the "Shi Qing Shi Lu" system, grant titles according to the size of military exploits, break the hereditary aristocratic privilege, determine the hierarchy, and develop and strengthen the landlord regime.
Abolish the enfeoffment system, establish the county system, compile household registration, and implement centralization.
"Emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce" encourages agricultural organizations to develop the economy and strengthen the economic strength of the landlord class.
"Horizontal bucket, weights and measures" promulgated standard weights and measures to facilitate tax collection and exchange and strengthen centralization of authority.
The writing method of burning poems is the dictatorship of the ruling class in the field of superstructure.
From then on, the civilians in the state of Qin had the hope of changing their identities with military exploits, and soldiers became the most glorious profession. Anyone who has made achievements in the military can be promoted to a knight, which greatly stimulates the Qin people's enthusiasm for production and the courage to fight for the country. The more land is plundered and seized, the more capital Qin enjoys ... In this cycle, the Qin army becomes stronger and stronger, becoming a teacher of tigers and wolves that makes the eastern countries lose heart. [28-29] The core ideas of Shang Yang's political reform are: severe punishment, weak people, suppression of business and prohibition of travel. Qin was soon transformed from an obscure weak country in the west into a military power that "the emperor sent a message to the emperor" and "the princes paid tribute". [30] In the short 10 years of Shang Yang's political reform, Qin was ruled without a trace. There are no thieves in the mountains, and there are enough people at home. Qin people "brave public war, fear private war", smell the war and rejoice, "township and city governance". [3 1] Even Emperor Zhou gave gifts to Xiao Gong, and was named "Fang Bo" (the leader of a vassal). All countries came to congratulate him, and Qin became the most powerful and wealthy country at that time. [30][32] Shang Yang carried out the most successful political reform movement in the Warring States period, but it ended in fiasco. [33] This is of course very unfortunate for Shang Yang personally; But for the development of Qin, the results of Shang Yang's painstaking reform can't be erased. Although he died, his law was not defeated, and even "the law that women and children in Qin dynasty talked about" [34]. The reform presided over by Shang Yang is the most comprehensive, systematic and thorough among all countries. Since Shang Yang's political reform carried out the policy of rewarding military service (military service knighthood system), Qin Jun has become more and more brave. Weapons and equipment are constantly improving. The arm is divided into step, car and ride. The number of troops reached "one million soldiers" for a long time, followed by famous military strategists and generals from Wei Liaozi, Bai Qi and Jincon. Qin quickly became the first powerful country in the Warring States Period, which was an important step in the rise of the Qin Dynasty, and gradually made A Qin a central force to realize the reunification of China. [29] destroy the six countries
Main entry: The Battle of the Six Kingdoms Destroyed by Qin Dynasty In the seventeenth year of Qin Dynasty (230 BC), South Korean general Nasten led Qin Jun to destroy Korea.
The country captured Anhe. The income from Korea is located in Yingchuan County. [36-38] In the 19th year of Qin Dynasty (228 BC), Wang Jian, a general of Qin State, invaded Handan, the capital of Zhao State, and Zhao Wangqian was forced to land in Qin and Zhaopo, leaving Handan County, Julu County and Taiyuan County behind. [39] Zhao Gongzi's family led a hundred people to flee to Daicheng. [37-38] [40] In the twentieth year of Qin Dynasty (227 BC), the prince of Yan sent Jing Ke and Qin Wuyang to assassinate the king of Qin, and the king of Qin immediately sent Wang Jian to attack Yan. [37-38][4 1] In the 21st year of Qin Dynasty (226 BC), Wang Jian attacked Yan Dou thistle, and Yan Wang Xi retreated to Liaodong, killing Taizi Dan and making peace. [37-38][42-43] In the 22nd year of the King of Qin (the first 225 years), Qin Jun Wang Ben, son of Wang Jian, led an army of 65.438+10,000 troops to attack Wei, surrounded Wei's girders and irrigated them with water from the Yellow River gap. Three months later, Daliangcheng was broken, Wei surrendered and Wei died. [37-38][44] In the same year, Wang Jian led a 600,000-strong army to attack Chu, and An Lushan practiced martial arts without fighting. [37-38][45] In the twenty-third year of the Qin Dynasty (224 years before), Wang Jian led 600,000 troops across the Huaihe River and besieged Shouchun, the capital of Chu. [37-38]?
In the twenty-fourth year of the King of Qin (the first 223 years), the morale of the Chu army was low and food and grass were scarce, so they retreated to the front. Wang Jian took the opportunity to pursue, wiped out the main force of the Chu army, occupied Shouchun, the capital of Chu, and captured the king of Chu alive. The Chu people re-established Chang Pingjun as king. Wang Jian once again led the army to cross the river, pacify Jiangnan, set up Huiji County, and Chu died. [37-38][47] In the twenty-fifth year of the Qin Dynasty (the first 222 years), Wang Ben laid Liaodong and captured the prince; Then he captured the city of Dai and captured Zhao Wangjia. After Yan and Zhao perished, Qin Shihuang established Yanmen County. [37-38][43][48] In the 26th year of Qin Dynasty (22 1 year), Wang Ben led an army south to attack Qi, and Qi surrendered without fighting, and Qi perished. [37-38][49] At this point, Qin destroyed six countries and unified the world. At that time, Wei existed as a vassal and was abolished in 209 (37-38).
Attack Xiongnu in the north
Main entry: The Huns who attacked the Huns in the north were distributed in the Mongolian Plateau, and since the end of the Warring States period, they often invaded the south.
Submit. After the national reunification, Qin Shihuang sent Meng Tian to lead 300,000 troops to fight against the Huns. [5 1] In the thirty-second year of the Qin Dynasty (2 15 BC), Meng Tian recovered the land south of the Hetao, which was called "Henan Land" at that time, and further expelled the Xiongnu in the second year. [5 1-52] From Yuzhong (east of Lanzhou, Gansu, but different opinions) to the north, Qin set up 34 counties in the area east of the Yellow River and south of Yinshan Mountain, and blocked a section of the Yellow River along the river. [53] Qin also restored and connected Yan, Zhao and Qin Changcheng during the Warring States Period, from Lintao (now Minxian County, Gansu Province) in the west to Liaodong in the east, and built the Great Wall of Wan Li, one of the great projects in the ancient world, to protect the northern agricultural areas. [54] Then, Qin moved tens of thousands of people to Hetao. This has played a positive role in reclaiming border areas and strengthening border defense. [55] Surrender Baiyue
Main entrance: Nanling Wuling? Lingqu [56]
The Vietnamese in China are distributed in East China and South China, divided into Fujian, South Vietnam and Xi 'ou. Fujian and Vietnam are now in Zhejiang and Fujian, South Vietnam is now in Guangdong and eastern Guangxi, and xi 'ou is now in southwestern Guangdong, southwestern Guangxi and even southeastern Yunnan. The Yue people "tattooed their hair and hugged their arms" and engaged in fishing and hunting agriculture, relying on mountains and seas. Xi 'ou people are mainly engaged in agricultural production. [55][57] In the twenty-fourth year of the King of Qin (223 BC), Wang Jian led the destruction of Chu, continued south, won part of the land of the Yue people, and set up Huiji County (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang). [47] In the 26th year of Qin Shihuang, Qin Shihuang sent Wei Tu to send 500,000 troops, which were divided into five armies to attack Gancheng (now Jingxian County, Hunan Province), Jiuyi (now Ningyuan South, Hunan Province), Panyu (now Guangzhou, Guangdong Province), Ye Nan (now Nankang County, Jiangxi Province) and Yugan (now yugan county, Jiangxi Province) for three years. Qin Jun defeated the resistance of Fujian and Vietnam, and set up Minzhong County (now Fuzhou, Fujian) with its land. Qin Jun, who attacked South Vietnam, also occupied Panyu. Only Qin Jun, on the western front, met with stubborn resistance from the Xi 'ou people. [55] In order to solve the problem of salary adjustment in Qin Jun, Jian Lu led his troops to dig a Lingqu between Xiangshui and Lishui (now Xing 'an, Guangxi) to communicate the traffic between the Yangtze River and the Pearl River system. In the battle with the Ou people, Xi Ou Jun translated and Qin Jun Commander Wei Tusui died one after another. In the thirty-third year of Qin Shihuang, Qin Shihuang sent reinforcements from the people, husbands and businessmen who fled from Neixian County to conquer xi 'ou, and built Nanhai County (now Guangzhou, Guangdong Province), Xiangxiang County (now Chongzuo, Guangxi) and Guilin County (now Guiping, Guangxi Province) in Xi 'ou's hometown Nanyue and its adjacent areas, and continued to recruit people for defense. [58] In this way, hundreds of thousands of northern farmers stayed there to live with the Vietnamese and jointly develop the Pearl River Basin. [55] In the twenty-sixth year of Qin Shihuang (22 1 BC), the feudal state ruled by feudal lords ended, and the autocratic and centralized Han nationality unified the country. This is a special event in ancient history. As a unified dynasty, a highly centralized political system was established in a vast ruling area, "the instrument is the same as the quantity, and the book is the same as the word." [55] Severe punishment
Main terms: tyranny, sand dune change?
The influence of long-term division made Qin Shihuang pay close attention to the trend of the old places in the six countries and worried that the old nobles in the six countries would attempt to restore them. In order to prevent the recurrence of the separatist situation, Qin Shihuang moved 120,000 rich and powerful families in six countries to Xianyang, and the other part moved to Bashu, Nanyang, Sanchuan and Zhao Di, so that they could be monitored separately from the countryside. [60] He destroyed the seized and confiscated weapons and cast twelve bronze figures in Xianyang, each weighing thousands of stones. [6 1] He also ordered "destroying broken battlements, resolutely defending Sichuan and removing obstacles" to eliminate feudal nobles as much as possible by separatist means. In order to control the vast territory, especially the old territory of the six countries, Qin Shihuang also built Chidao, which extends from Xianyang, the capital, to all parts of the country, [62] to Yanqi in the east and Wu Chu in the South Pole. He himself visited many counties along the equator and carved stones in many places to demonstrate. [63] In order to strengthen the northern defense, in the thirty-fifth year of Qin Shihuang (2 12 BC), a straight road was built from Xianyang via Yunyang (now northwest of Chunhua, Shaanxi) to Jiuyuan (now west of Baotou, Inner Mongolia), with a valley of 1,800 miles. Wuchi Road was built in the southwest, which is now the place south of Yibin in Sichuan and Zhaotong in Yunnan, and officials were set up nearby. [57][64] In the ten years after Qin's reunification, Qin Shihuang maintained a huge army, established a huge bureaucracy, waged many large-scale wars, and completed huge national defense and civil construction. [65] It is estimated that at that time, the population of the whole country was about10 million, and the number of soldiers exceeded 2 million, accounting for more than one-third of the mature men. On the advice of Zhao Tuo and others, Qin Shihuang moved 500,000 Qin people from Guanzhong to Lingnan, where they merged with the local people. However, it led to emptiness in Guanzhong and greatly shook the ruling foundation of Qin.
During the period of Qin Ershi, farmers lived a miserable life, dressed in cattle and horses, eating food from cats and dogs, and often fled to the mountains to hold riots under the persecution of violent officials. All this shows that the urgent political tyranny has intensified social contradictions. Qin Shihuang not only completed the cause of reunification, but also created conditions for overthrowing the Qin Dynasty. Therefore, Jia Shan of the Western Han Dynasty said when talking about the "mountain bandits" in the Qin Dynasty: When Qin Shihuang was alive, his rule was already collapsing, but because the emperor and the founding ministers were suppressing, no one dared to confront the government. [57] Towards extinction
Main terms: Hu Hai, Zhao Gao and the peasant war in the late Qing Dynasty.
Qin Ershi Hu Hai acceded to the throne in 2 10. He further aggravated the exploitation and oppression of farmers, taking "those who pay heavy taxes as bright officials" and "murderers as loyal ministers". [67] He asked farmers to pay more rice and grass, bring their own food and transport it to Xianyang to meet the needs of officials, troops and even dogs, horses and livestock. He continued to build Epang Palace and sent people to defend from afar. The target of corvee recruitment has been further expanded, the sufferings of farmers have reached the extreme, and a large-scale peasant uprising has reached the point of explosive. [68] When the peasants were brewing anti-Qin, the latent remnants of the old nobles in the six countries were also engaged in separatist activities as soon as possible. In the thirty-sixth year of Qin Shihuang (2 1 1 BC), the inscription "When the first emperor died, the land was divided" appeared in Dong Jun, which was the symbol of this separatist activity. [57][69] In July of the first year of Qin Ershi (209 BC), a group of 900 people set off for Yuyang (now Miyun, Beijing), but stayed in osawa Township (now Suxian, Anhui) because of rain, and failed to arrive at Yuyang garrison as scheduled. Qin law stipulates that "those who exceed the time limit will face the threat of death." However, according to the Qin bamboo slips "Sleeping Tiger Land" unearthed in 1975, "overdue" is only a punishment, so there is an objection here. So, under the leadership of Chen Sheng and Guangwu, osawa Township raised the banner of the first large-scale peasant uprising in China history. Chen Sheng and Guangwu killed the Qin Wei who escorted them, [70] led the garrison, and called on the peasants to fight against Qin in the name of Fu Su, the son of the king of Qin who was sentenced to death, and Xiang Yan, the late general of Chu. Farmers nearby joined the uprising. The insurgents split their troops and marched eastward, with the main force marching westward, connecting Luo, Bang, Zhe and Qiao (now Su, zhecheng county and Bo counties in Anhui Province) counties in eastern Henan and northern Anhui. When they advanced to Chen (now Huaiyang, Henan), it was already a huge team of tens of thousands of people. [72] Under the influence of the insurgents, farmers in many counties killed and defended the mausoleum, responding to Chen Sheng; Especially in the old Chu state, thousands of people gathered everywhere. Some old nobles, tourists and Confucian scholars from the six countries who were hiding among the people also took the opportunity to return to China and exerted influence in the peasant army by virtue of their old identities. You Zhang Shi er, even Chen Yu
Advise Chen Sheng to send people to "establish six countries", which was flatly rejected by Chen Sheng. Chen Sheng established himself as the "King Zhang Chu", [74] divided his forces and attacked Qin in three ways: Guangwu was the "fake king" and Xingyang was attacked in the west; Go north to Zhao; Wei ren attacked Wei in Zhoucheng. Wu Guangjun was blocked in Xingyang, and Chen Sheng sent Zhou Wenxi to attack Qin. Zhou Wenjun quickly developed into a city with hundreds of thousands of soldiers who entered Guanzhong (now Lintong, Shaanxi) and approached Xianyang. [75] Qin Ershi quickly sent criminals to repair the Lishan Mausoleum as soldiers, and fought against Shaofu Zhang Han, defeating Zhou Wenjun. [76] Zhou Zaili made the old Wei aristocrat Wang Wei, became the prime minister of Wei, and sent people to Chen Sheng to meet Wei. The influence of the old aristocracy was very active, which dispersed the peasant uprising team. Chen Sheng, lacking in experience and determination, watched the situation of division form. Bobby Chen is also disunited. [57] Zhang Qinhan's army lost in a row to Zhou Wen, and Zhou Wen committed suicide. [77] Zhang Handong forced Xingyang, and Guangwu was killed by Tian Cang. When he met Zhang Han, he was defeated and killed. [78] In Chen, Chen Sheng retreated to his father's lower town (now southeast Anhui), was killed by traitors, and Chen Jun fell. [79] The Ministry of Chen Sheng led the "Cangtou Army" led by Lv Chen, fought bravely, recovered Chen County and put to death. As a pioneer of anti-Qin, Chen Sheng failed to lead the uprising for only half a year, but the anti-Qin wave was aroused by him and continued to impact the rule of Qin. [57] After the Chen Sheng Uprising, Xiang Liang, the son of Xiang Yan, the old general of Chu, and Xiang Yu, the nephew of Xiang Liang, killed Qin Huiji County in Wu (now Suzhou, Jiangsu) and rose up and responded. Soon Xiang Liang led 8,000 troops across the river to the north, and the team expanded to 670,000, and Lien Chan won. [80] The nobles of Fujian and Vietnam led their people to discord, followed Qin Fanyang and turned against Qin. Liu Bang, the original curator of Peixian County, and some criminals fled to Shanze, and also attacked Peiling for rebellion, and were incorporated into Liang Jun. Xiang Liang named Chu Huaiwang's grandson King Chu. After 【 8 1 】, Xiang Liang was defeated by Dingtao.
Han's army turned north and crossed the river to attack Zhao.
At this time, Wang Li did not let Meng Tian guard the northern frontier, but also led an army from Shang Jun (southeast of Yulin, Shaanxi Province) to the east, and surrounded the giant Lucheng (now Pingxiang, Hebei Province) where Zhang Er and Zhao Wangxie were stationed. Chu Wang sent and Xiang Yu rescued Zhao, and Liu Bangxi entered the customs. [83] Song went to Anyang and could not stay long. Xiang Yu killed Yi Song and led his troops across the Zhanghe River. After fierce fighting, he solved the siege of the giant deer and was promoted to a vassal and general. [84] Later, Zhang Han, the general of the State of Qin, led 200,000 people to surrender to him. [85] Liu Bang made a detour into Wuguan and arrived near Xianyang. At that time, Qin Ershi had been killed by Zhao Gao, and Zi Ying was demoted as the emperor, known as the King of Qin, and surrendered to Liu Bang. Liu bang captured Xianyang and Qin died. [7] Liu Bang abolished the harsh laws of Qin, and only agreed to the three chapters of "The murderer dies, and the injured steals to atone", which won the support of Qin people. [57][86]