Cai Lun papermaking was listed as the "four great inventions" in ancient China? He has made outstanding contributions to the spread of human culture and the progress of world civilization and has been respected by people for thousands of years.
It is regarded as the originator of papermaking and the "paper god" by papermaking workers. Mack hart listed 100 celebrities who influenced the course of human history, and Cai Lun ranked seventh? . Cai Lun was listed as "the best inventor of all time" by Time magazine? . The opening ceremony of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games showed the papermaking invented by Cai Lun.
2. Song Ying Xing (1587—— about 1666), born in Fengxin, Jiangxi Province, was a famous scientist in Ming Dynasty.
Song devoted all his life to the scientific investigation and research of agriculture and handicraft production, and collected a wealth of scientific data. At the same time, his advanced consciousness made him a thinker who criticized feudalism and medieval academic tradition.
Song's works and research fields involve different disciplines of natural science and humanities. The most outstanding work, Tiangong Kaiwu, is known as "17th century China's craft encyclopedia".
Song's main contribution is that he made a summary of the knowledge of agricultural production and handicraft production that appeared in China for thousands of years, and also made a summary of technical experience, systematized and organized them, and then wrote a book to make it pass down.
Song's works include agriculture and handicrafts, such as machinery, bricks and tiles, ceramics, sulfur, candles, paper making, weapons, gunpowder, textiles, printing and dyeing, salt making, coal mining and oil extraction. In agriculture, Song made a detailed record of the whole production process of rice, such as soaking seeds, raising seedlings, rolling seedlings and weeding.
For example, "it will germinate after a few days, and when it is scattered in the field, it will give birth to an inch, which is called a day seedling." When the seedlings were born for 30 days, they were pulled up and planted separately in .............................................................................................................................................................. At the same time, he also pointed out various problems worthy of attention in rice planting.
In handicraft industry, Song tried to use quantitative methods. When describing the production process, he paid special attention to the quantitative relationship between raw material consumption and finished product recovery rate, and had a clear concept of quantity. When analyzing the transfer of seedlings, Song pointed out: "The seedlings born in one mu of paddy field are all used for transplanting 25 mu", that is, the ratio of paddy field to Honda is 1:25 stone, which is an important proportion data still used in modern Jiangxi.
Song gave a preliminary explanation for the oil yield of various oils: "When flax, castor seeds and camphor seeds are mixed together, each stone can yield 40 kilograms of oil. Vegetarians get 27 Jin of oil per stone. Brassica seeds get 30 Jin per stone ... ". This concrete and accurate data description of oil crops has both theoretical significance and practical value.
3. Xu Guangqi (1562.4.24-1633.11.8), born in Ming dynasty, was a famous scientist and politician. Chongzhen court official, does history, Wenyuange university, cabinet assistant minister. ?
Xu Guangqi devoted his life to the study of mathematics, astronomy, calendar, water conservancy and other aspects, and wrote a lot, especially agronomy, and translated books such as Geometry Elements, Taixi Water Law, and Encyclopedia of Agricultural Administration. At the same time, he is also a pioneer in communicating Chinese and western cultures. It has made important contributions to the cultural exchange between China and the West in the17th century.
In the sixth year of Chongzhen (A.D. 1633), Xu Guangqi died of illness, and Emperor Chongzhen gave the Prince Tai Bao and Shao Bao.
Xu Guangqi's achievements in astronomical calendar mainly focus on the compilation of "Calendar of Chongzhen" and various sparse plays written for calendar reform. In the almanac, he introduced the concept of round earth, and explicitly introduced the concepts of longitude and latitude of the earth.
He introduced the concepts of stars into China astronomy, and provided the first all-sky star map according to Tycho's catalogue and China's traditional catalogue, which became the basis of the catalogue in Qing Dynasty. In the calculation method, Xu Guangqi introduced the precise formulas of spherical and plane trigonometry, and made the correction of parallax, air difference and time difference for the first time.
The compilation of the almanac of Chongzhen began in the 4th year of Chongzhen (163 1) and lasted until Chongzhen 1 1 year (1638). 46 books, 137 volumes, presented in five times. The first three times were donated by Xu Guangqi himself (23 species, 75 volumes), and the second time was donated by Li Tianjing after the death of Xu Guangqi.
The fourth part was revised by Xu Guangqi himself (13 species, 30 volumes), and the fifth part was finally completed by Li Tianjing (13 species, 32 volumes).
4. Mei Wending (1633— 172 1) was born in Xuanzhou (now Xuanzhou District, Xuancheng City, Anhui Province), Han nationality. Astronomers and mathematicians in the early Qing Dynasty were "the first master of calendar calculation" and "the founder of mountains" in the Qing Dynasty, and were praised by the world history of science and technology as "the three scientific giants in the world" on par with Newton in Britain and Guan Xiaohe in Japan. ?
Mei Wending devoted his life to reviving China's traditional knowledge of astronomy and arithmetic, and promoting the integration of Chinese and Western astronomy. In his book, Mei Wending clarified the lost ancient calendar again. Many methods in traditional astronomy, he also wrote books such as Eating Goods, Seven Politics and Five Stars Theory, introducing Tycho-style western astronomy.
Mei Wending discussed the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western calendars in another book, The Problem of Calendars, and brought many western astronomical knowledge into the ancient academic system of China. For example, he called the western theory "the ground is cold and five zones are warm", which is the theory of "seven scales and six rooms" in Zhou pian Shu Jing.
There are more than 70 kinds of astronomical mathematics works, including more than 20 kinds of mathematics works. There are 60 volumes of Mei series, including 40 volumes of mathematical works 13 kinds.
Mei Wending devoted himself to the study of astronomical mathematics. He systematically investigated the calendars of ancient and modern China and foreign countries, introduced European mathematics, and comprehensively studied Chinese and western calendars. Mei Wending played an important role in introducing and developing western mathematical knowledge. Have a great influence on future generations.
5. Guo Shoujing (123 1 year-13 16 years) was thoughtful. Xingtai County, xing zhou (now Xingtai City, Hebei Province). Famous astronomer, mathematician and expert in water conservancy engineering in Yuan Dynasty? . In his early years, he studied under Liu, Liu, Liu, Liu, Liu, Liu, Liu, Liu, Liu, Liu, Liu, Liu, Liu, Liu, Liu, Liu. Yuan Renzong extended his life for three years (13 16), and Guo Shoujing died at the age of 86. He is the author of fourteen kinds of astronomical calendar works, such as "Push Step" and "Licheng".
Guo Shoujing has made outstanding achievements in astronomy, calendar, water conservancy and mathematics. From the 13th year of Zhiyuan (1276), it took four years to revise the new calendar, and a "chronograph calendar" was worked out, which was used for more than 360 years and became the most advanced calendar in the world at that time. In order to revise the calendar, Guo Shoujing also reformed and invented twelve new instruments, such as simple instrument and altimeter.
In the first year of Yuan Dynasty (1264), Guo Shoujing was ordered to repair and dredge the ancient Xixia Canal, set up sluices and weirs, and irrigate local farmland. In the 28th year of Yuan Dynasty (129 1), Guo Shoujing was appointed as the water superintendent of the capital, responsible for repairing the canal from Dadu to Tongzhou. It took a year to complete all the projects, named Tonghui River, and develop north-south transportation and water transportation.
1970, the international astronomical society named a crater on the moon "Guo Shoujing crater" after Guo Shoujing. ? 1977 In March, the International Asteroid Center named asteroid 20 12 "Guo Shoujing Asteroid". ?
Baidu Encyclopedia-Cai Lun (eunuch of the Eastern Han Dynasty, inventor of "Cai Hou Paper")
Baidu Encyclopedia-Song Yingxing
Baidu Encyclopedia-Xu Guangqi
Baidu Encyclopedia-Mei Wending (a famous astronomer and mathematician in the early Qing Dynasty)
Baidu Encyclopedia-Guo Shoujing (Yuan Dynasty scientist)