The eighth and ninth chapters of Genesis tell the story of Noah's drunkenness: Noah was one of countless descendants of Adam and Eve, and he believed in God very devoutly, so he became the ancestor of later generations. When God discovered that there was evil and greed in the world, he decided to send a big flood on the earth to destroy all evil creatures. Following the Lord's will, Noah chose all the plants (grapes) and animals on the earth, a male and a female, and took his three sons (Sim Sem, Khan Coham and Japhet) aboard a homemade wooden boat, which is the famous Noah's Ark. After the flood of 150 days, in the seventh month and 17 days, the ark was placed on the Ararat Mountain (the eastern part of Turkey, the border area between the Republic of Armenia and Iran). After that, Noah began to cultivate the land, planted the first grape, and later began to make wine. One day, he was drunk alone in the tent. His son Khan found Noah lying naked and drunk on the ground, so he called Sim and Garfett. After two people holding robes, backwards into the tent, covering his father's back, didn't look at his father's naked body. Noah woke up and cursed Khan, asking God to make Khan's son Canaan a slave of the Garfitt family. I was rude after drinking, but I took it out on my son. What's more, I punished my grandson as a slave. "Drunkenness without virtue" seems to be the same at all times and in all countries.
Although the Bible does not mention whether Noah brought wine on board, it seems to be inferred that besides thanking God, the first important thing in his heart is to grow grapes to make wine. Of course, Noah's winemaking is a Hebrew myth, not a fact.
According to historical records, a large number of grape seeds were found in Transcaucasia near the Black Sea in the Neolithic Age, that is, in Arato, Georgia and Armenia, 1 10,000 years ago, indicating that grapes were not only used for food at that time, but also mainly used for juicing and wine making. Most historians believe that wine brewing originated in ancient Persia in 6000 BC, which is now Iran. The earliest grape cultivation began in the South Caucasus, Central Asia, Syria, Iraq and other parts of the former Soviet Union about 7,000 years ago. Later, with the spread of ancient wars and immigrants to other regions. First Egypt, then Greece. However, among the truly available materials, there are a large number of remains and relics found in ancient Egyptian tombs. In the Nile valley, archaeologists found a kind of pottery jar with a small round bottom, a thick round belly and a big neck at the top (Figure 1), which was used by ancient Egyptians to hold wine or oil. Especially in the relief (Figure 2), it clearly depicts the scenes of ancient Egyptians farming, harvesting grapes, brewing steps and drinking, which has a history of more than 5,000 years. In addition, the words Ilp (Egyptian, meaning wine) are engraved on the hip flask produced in the ancient Egyptian kingdom. Western scholars believe that this is the beginning of human grape and wine industry. Hugh, a famous writer with wine as the theme? Hugh johnson once described: "There were excellent wine tasting experts in ancient Egypt. They are like samples of sherry producers or Bordeaux wine brokers in the 20th century, and they can identify the quality of wine confidently and professionally. "
As for Greece, it is the first country in Europe to grow grapes and make wine. Some navigators brought back grapes and wine-making techniques from the Nile Delta. Wine is not only the cornerstone of their splendid culture, but also an indispensable part of their daily life. There are many descriptions of wine in Greek Homer's epics (Iliad and Odyssey), and wine is often depicted as black in Iliad. And his understanding of the essence of life is also manifested in an idyllic vineyard full of black grapes. According to textual research, there was a very developed agriculture in the Aegean basin of ancient Greece, and people mainly planted wheat, barley, olives and grapes. Most of the grapes are used to make wine, and the rest are dried. Almost every Greek has the habit of drinking. The brewed wine is packaged in a specially shaped pottery jar (Figure 3) for storage, trading and transportation. A large number of containers unearthed along the Mediterranean coast can explain the scale and route of wine trade at that time, which shows that wine was one of the important trade commodities at that time. During Mycenae (BC1600-1Kloc-0/00), grape cultivation in Greece was very prosperous, and wine trade reached Egypt, Syria, Black Sea, Sicily and southern Italy.
Wine is not only a trade commodity, but also a part of Greek religious ceremonies. 700 years ago, the Greeks held drinking celebrations to show their worship of the mythical Dionysus. The worship of Dionysos and the cultivation of grapes are common throughout Greece. Dionysus is the Greek Dionysus and one of the most important and complicated gods in Greece. Dionysus, the Dionysus on the vase, and the crazy woman who followed him (created by the painter Amasis) are the sons of Zeus and Semele under bizarre circumstances. In Greece, the God Dionysus means happy life, games and grand festivals, because he likes to be surrounded by the noise of a priestess holding wine. The Greeks thought he was the patron saint of some kind of festival. On a new Athenian-style Bejiasi pottery bottle in 1 century AD, the scene of Dionysus, a drunken Dionysus, was carved: a drunken Dionysus was supported by a forest god, and his cup fell to the ground. Bacchus is the Roman Dionysus, symbolizing wine and grapes, debauchery and debauchery. He looks like Dionysus, the Greek god of wine, but he doesn't play much role in Roman teachings. Bacchus and his followers (created by Cornelis de Voss) are bohemian and bohemian, especially admired by a few converts. In the mysterious atmosphere of bacchanalia, Christians danced the carnival Dionysian dance, so that the Roman Senate had to intervene to quell the chaos. With regard to the birth of Bacchus, an ancient bas-relief in the Vatican Museum recorded this scene: Jupiter took Bacchus out of the belly of the goddess Simlai and put it in his lap for three months. Little Bacchus came out of his father's leg after full term. At this time, Hermes, the animal husbandry god standing by, was holding clothes and preparing to deliver the baby. Then Palka, the three goddesses in charge of life and death, prayed for the newborn baby. /kloc-in the 0/7th century, the famous Italian painter Canavaggio (1573- 16 10) created many images of Bacchus with his "ruthless truth".
In the 6th century BC, the Greeks introduced grapes to Gaul (present-day France) through Marseille Port, and introduced grape planting and wine-making techniques to Gaul. But at that time, the production of grapes and wine was not important in Gaul. After learning the techniques of grape cultivation and wine brewing from the Greeks, the Romans popularized wine in the Italian peninsula, which soon spread to Rome and spread throughout Europe through the hands of the Romans. In the first century AD, vines spread all over the Rhone Valley. In the second century, vines spread all over Burgundy and Bordeaux. In the third century, it reached the Loire Valley; Finally appeared in champagne and Moser Valley in the 4th century. Gauls, who used to love barley beer (cervoise) and honey wine (hydromel), soon fell in love with wine and became outstanding grape growers. Because the wine they produced was very popular in Rome, the Roman Emperor Du Mi ordered that half of the vines in Gaul be uprooted to ensure the local grape growers in Rome.
Wine is an inseparable part of Roman culture and has made great contributions to the economy of the Roman Empire. With the gradual expansion of the Roman Empire, grapes and wine quickly spread all over eastern France, Spain, southern England, the Rhine valley in Germany and the eastern Danube. During this period, some countries banned the cultivation of grapes, but wine is still very popular in Europe. After that, the agriculture of the Roman Empire gradually declined, and so did the vineyards. The ancient Romans liked wine, and some historians attributed the decline of the ancient Roman empire to the excessive drinking and racial degradation of the ancient Romans.
At the beginning of the 4th century, the Roman emperor Constantine officially and publicly recognized Christianity, and wine was needed for mass ceremonies to encourage the planting of vines. When the Roman Empire perished in the 5th century A.D., Christian monasteries in the divided Western Roman Empire (France, northern Italy and parts of Germany) recorded the process of grape harvest and wine making in detail. These detailed records are helpful to cultivate the most suitable grape varieties in specific agricultural areas. The development of medieval wine benefited from the Christian church. The Bible mentions wine 52 1 time. At the last supper, Jesus said, "bread is my flesh and wine is my blood." Christianity regards wine as holy blood, and church staff take planting grapes and brewing wine as their work. Wine spread all over the world in the footsteps of missionaries.
Charlemagne, the "Holy Roman Empire" emperor of Carolyn Dynasty, ruled the Western Roman Empire (Frankish Kingdom) from 768 to 8 14, which also influenced the wine development thereafter. The great emperor foresaw the prospect of vineyards from southern France to northern Germany, and the famous Burgundy producing area "Grandcru Corton-Charlemagne" vineyard was once his industry. The wine in Burgundy, France can be said to be a model of traditional French wine. But few people know that its source turned out to be the church-the Cistercian Church.
The Godsworn of the Cistercian Church can be said to be an expert in medieval winemaking. This story originated from 1 1 12. At that time, a man named Bernard? Bernard de Fontaine's ascetic monk led 304 followers to defect from monasteries in cluny to Cordo, a grape-producing province in Burgundy, and established a new monastery in northern Bonn and Citeaux. The precepts of the Cistercian Church are very cruel. The average life expectancy of each monk is 28 years old. The main content of the precepts is to ask monks to smash stones in abandoned vineyards and taste the soil with their tongues. After Bernard's death, the power of the Cistercian church expanded to the public areas of Có rdoba province to make wine, and then to more than 400 monasteries all over Europe.
The Cistercian monks are addicted to the research and improvement of grape varieties. Lalou Bize-Leroy, an outstanding Burgundy winemaker in the 20th century, believed that the Cistercian monks would identify the soil by tasting it. In fact, it was these monks who first put forward the concept of "cru", that is, grapes with the same taste and style can be cultivated from the same soil. That is, they have cultivated the best grape varieties in Europe. In terms of wine-making technology, Cistercian monks are the source of traditional European wine-making spirituality. /kloc-Around the third century, with the prosperity of the Cistercian Church, the wines of the Cistercian monasteries all over Europe won higher and higher reputation. /kloc-in the 4th century, the bishops of avignon were particularly fond of Burgundy wine. The generous duke of burgundy Philip was a famous public relations officer for his wine: at the Catholic conference in Bruges in 1360, he provided the participants with as much wine as they could drink. Of course, Born's rare wine could only provide them with a little taste.
"Drink less and believe" is an immortal wine proverb. But since then, the first-class red Burgundy has never really developed on a large scale; Its history is rather that Pinot Noir, which grew on excellent soil in Cordoba province, can perfectly show its quality. Small batch production in small barrels is their game feature. Especially after the French Revolution in 1789, due to the dissolution of monasteries and the liquidation of old aristocratic estates, the vineyards in Burgundy were also torn down into parts.
By 15 and 16 centuries, the best wines in Europe were considered to be produced in these monasteries. /kloc-The tapestry of the 6th century describes the making process of wine, and the red wine produced in Burgundy is considered as the best wine. During this period, grape cultivation and wine-making techniques were introduced to South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, North Korea and the United States.
After Columbus discovered the New World, Spanish and Portuguese colonists and missionaries brought European grape varieties to South America in the16th century and planted them in Mexico, California Peninsula and Alexandria. Later, the British tried to introduce grape cultivation techniques to the Atlantic coast of America. Unfortunately, the climate on the east coast of the United States is not suitable for growing grapes. Despite many efforts, the grape planting here failed due to the invasion of phylloxera, downy mildew and powdery mildew and the influence of climate conditions in this area. By the middle of19th century, some people planted European grape products on American grape plants by grafting technology, and used the immunity of American grapes to resist the diseases and pests of nodule aphids. At this point, the wine industry in Britain and America has gradually developed. At present, there are wine production in North and South America, and the famous wine producing areas are Argentina, California and Mexico.
After the Middle Ages, wine was regarded as the source and symbol of happiness. During the Renaissance, he created many masterpieces.
17, 18 century or so, France began to dominate the whole wine kingdom. Bordeaux and Burgundy wines are always the two pillars, representing the two main types of high-end wines: the massiness of Bordeaux and the elegance of Burgundy, which have become the basic criteria for wine making. However, the output of these two major producing areas is limited and cannot meet the needs of the whole world. So in the sixties and seventies after World War II, some wineries and winemakers began to look for suitable soil and similar climate around the world to grow high-quality grape varieties, develop and improve brewing technology, and make the whole world wine industry flourish. The United States and Australia, in particular, have adopted modern technology and market development skills to create today's colorful wine world trends. In terms of global division, there are basically two kinds: the new world and the old world. The New World represents wines developed from Europe, such as America, Australia, New Zealand, Chile and Argentina. The representatives of the old world are mainly France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal and other European countries with a history of more than 100 years.
In contrast, the tradition of growing grapes in Europe is longer, and most grape cultivation and wine-making techniques were born in Europe. In addition, the fundamental difference between the old world and the new world is that the wine in the "new world" tends to be industrialized, while the wine in the "old world" tends to be brewed by hand. Hand-brewed wine is the crystallization of a craftsman's labor, while industrial products are the products of technological process and standardized products that have been copied in large quantities.
There are different opinions about the origin of wine. Some people say that it originated in ancient Egypt, or ancient Greece, or the Greek island of Seth. According to the existing wine archives, it should be said that our common ancestor brewed wine 10 thousand years ago, and it has spread to today with the wine culture.
According to historical records, grape cultivation and brewing technology spread from Simino and Egypt to Crete, Greece, then to Sicily, Italy, Libya and Italy in North Africa, and then to Provence and the coastal areas of Spain in Valle province near the southeast of the Mediterranean, with travelers and new conquerors. At the same time, by land, from the Danube River basin in Europe into Central European countries.
In ancient Egypt, especially in the Nile valley, archaeologists found: a small and round bottom, a thick and round belly, and a big neck at the top, which contained liquid; According to textual research, this is a pottery jar used by ancient Egyptians to hold wine or oil; In Greece, in the archaeological excavation, in an ancient tomb cave, a relief of the second century BC was found on the tomb wall; Apollon and Victoire jointly presented the landscape of grapes to God. In the tomb of Nacht in the first18th dynasty, a mural was unearthed, in which a noble lady stood with her face slightly to the left, wearing a white dress. From her left foot to the heel of her right foot, she was surrounded by a string of grape leaf ornaments. On both sides, there is a wolf head on the left and a beautiful lady on the right. Each of them held a long round glass, as if facing the hostess.
But around 1085 BC, it was said that Osiris, the god of hell in Egyptian mythology, was recognized as the god of vines and grapes. In the Neolithic Age, Arato Leah (formerly known as Asia Minor), Georgia and Armenia in Transcaucasia near the Black Sea have become tribal communities. This is due to the mild climate and fertile land in these areas at that time, so primitive tribes far away from the area moved here one after another to settle down. Grapes are planted on tree-lined hills, while agricultural production is carried out on vast fields in plain areas. Therefore, grape cultivation and wine brewing are spreading to distant places.
Throughout the above historical stories, wine provides a brand-new drink for all mankind, and also provides a source of happiness for the survival and development of human society. As for the origin of wine, it is no longer important, leaving it to historians to continue to explore and discuss academic issues; For modern people, drinking wine, especially expensive wine, is a wonderful enjoyment and has created a lot of wealth for mankind.
According to archaeological data, the earliest grape growing area was between Caspian Sea and Black Sea in Asia Minor and its south bank. About 7000 years ago, grape cultivation began in South Caucasus, Central Asia, Syria, Iraq and other regions. In these areas, grape cultivation has gone through three stages, namely, the stage of collecting wild grape fruits, the stage of domestication and destruction of wild grapes, and the stage of grape cultivation spreading to Egypt with travelers and immigrants.
A large number of precious cultural relics (especially floating beaches) found in ancient Egyptian tombs clearly describe the scenes of ancient Egyptians farming, harvesting grapes and brewing wine at that time. The most famous is the site of Phtah-Hotep Tomb, which has a history of 6O00 years. Western scholars believe that this is the beginning of the wine industry.
Greece is the first country in Europe to grow grapes and make wine. Some travelers and new conquerors brought grape planting and brewing technology from Asia Minor and Egypt to Crete, Greece, and gradually spread to the whole of Greece and its islands. 3OO0 years ago, grape cultivation in Greece was extremely prosperous.
In the 6th century BC, the Greeks introduced the wine from Asia Minor to Gaul (present-day France) through Marseille Port, and introduced the grape planting and wine-making technology to Gaul. After learning from the Greeks the techniques of grape planting and wine brewing, the Romans quickly spread them in the Italian peninsula.
In ancient Rome, grape cultivation was very common. The Roman Law (the Twelve Bronze Watch Law promulgated in 450 BC) stipulated that if you steal from the vineyard, you will be severely punished. With the expansion of the Roman Empire, grape cultivation and wine-making technology spread rapidly to the Leijun River basin in France, Spain, North Africa and Germany, and formed a large scale. Until today, these areas are still important grape and wine producing areas. From 15 to 16, grape cultivation and wine-making techniques were introduced to South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea and the United States.
/kloc-the middle of the 0/9th century is a period of great development of grape and wine production in the United States. 186 1 year introduced 200,000 grape seedlings from Europe and established vineyards in California, but almost all of them were destroyed due to the harm of nodule aphids. Later, native American grapes were used as rootstocks to graft European grapes, which prevented the root nodule aphid and gradually developed the wine production. Nowadays, wine is produced in North and South America. Argentina, California and Mexico are all world-famous wine producing areas.