Summary of high school history knowledge points
Unit 1 China's Ancient Political System
I. enfeoffment system
Objective: To consolidate state power.
Contents: ① The objects of enfeoffment-royal family, heroes, and former nobles; (2) the obligation of the enfeoffment-obey Zhou Wang's orders, guard the territory, follow the battle, pay tribute and make pilgrimage. (3) the rights of the landowners-hereditary posts, setting up officials, establishing armed forces and collecting taxes.
Function: ① Strengthen the local jurisdiction of the Zhou Emperor. (2) expanding the ruling area and developing remote areas; (3) forming the overall political pattern of the Zhou royal family holding the moon; ④ Zhou became a powerful country that lasted for hundreds of years. However, the vassal States had considerable independence, which buried the hidden danger of separatism.
Second, the patriarchal clan system
Definition: Patriarchal clan system is a social system that maintains political hierarchy and consolidates rule according to the distance of paternal blood relationship.
Features: eldest son inheritance system
The relationship between patriarchal clan system and enfeoffment system: enfeoffment system and patriarchal clan system are two pillars of the political system in the Western Zhou Dynasty, both external and internal.
Influence: Patriarchal clan system ensures the monopoly and privileged position of nobles in politics, and is also conducive to the stability and unity within the ruling group.
The characteristics of China's early political system: patriarchal clan system as the core, with a strong tribal color.
Third, the unification of Qin:
In 22 1 year BC, the Qin Dynasty destroyed six countries, and Ying Zheng, the king of Qin Dynasty, established the first unified centralized feudal autocratic country in the history of China-the Qin Dynasty.
Fourth, the formation of the centralized political system of the Qin Dynasty's absolutism.
Contents: ① Establish the title of "Emperor" and establish the emperor system. The political, economic and military power of the whole country is in the hands of the emperor, and the main officials from the central government to the local government are appointed and removed by the emperor.
(2) Set up a central official system with three officials and nine officials: prime minister-assisting the emperor to handle national political affairs; An ancient scholar-supervisory official; Qiu-in charge of national military affairs.
(3) The local county system is implemented: the county magistrate is a county magistrate, and the county magistrate is called a county magistrate or a county magistrate, all of which are directly appointed and removed by the emperor.
Influence: It consolidated national unity, promoted social stability and economic and cultural development, laid the basic pattern of China's political system for more than 2,000 years, and played an important role in the formation of the Chinese nation.
Negative effects: Strengthening the oppression of the people will easily lead to tyranny and intensify class contradictions.
V. Measures to consolidate and unify the Qin Dynasty:
(1) Promulgate the Qin Law and unify the laws; Unified currency and weights and measures; (3) unified writing; (4) building equator and lingqu; ⑤ Building the Great Wall of Wan Li; Organize immigration.
The reason for the demise of the Qin Dynasty was the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty.
Sixth, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty strengthened centralization.
BACKGROUND: In the early Han Dynasty, the county and country were in parallel, and the kingdom problem appeared.
Measures: Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty put down the "Seven-country Rebellion"; Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty issued a promotion decree.
Function: solved the problem of kingdom, strengthened centralization, and consolidated and developed the situation of great unity.
From the end of the Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, the vassal towns were separated (summary of high school history knowledge points)
Seven, the strengthening of centralization in the early Song Dynasty
Measures: ① militarily: drink a glass of wine to relieve the military power, and relieve the military power of North Korean generals and local envoys; Strengthen the imperial army, strong and weak. (2) Administratively, civil servants are appointed as local governors; The Chief Justice is responsible for supervision. (3) Economically, a small part of local taxes is used as local expenditure, and the rest is all controlled by the central government.
Impact: ① The central government has strengthened its control over local governments and eliminated the separatist phenomenon in buffer areas. (2) Redundancy of officials, soldiers and expenses has been caused, and the curse of "poor and weak" has been laid.
Eight, Tang implemented three provinces and six departments.
The Central Committee of the Tang Dynasty set up Zhongshu Province, Menxia Province and Shangshu Province, which were responsible for decision-making, deliberation and implementation. The governors of the three provinces are all prime ministers, which decentralized the power of ministers. Shangshu province consists of six departments: officials, households, rituals, soldiers, criminals and workers, and has established and improved the management system of the three provinces and six departments.
Nine, the Yuan Dynasty implemented the provincial system.
Background: Territorial expansion is unprecedented.
Overview: The central government has set up a major book province in China; There are ten provinces and Xuanzhengyuan area.
Significance: strengthening jurisdiction over the whole country; Strengthen centralization and consolidate unity. It is the beginning of China's provincial system, which has a far-reaching influence on later generations.
X. Changes in the system of selecting and using officials
Dynasty system
Supervision system in Han dynasty
Nine-grade Zheng Zhi System in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
Imperial Examination System in Sui, Tang, Song and Qing Dynasties
XI。 Strengthening the autocratic monarchy in Ming and Qing Dynasties
Ming Taizu adjusted the central and local official system and strengthened centralization: ① Abolish the prime minister and set up six departments; There are three departments in the waste province. (2) the establishment of the cabinet. Essence: It is the product of the strengthening of absolute monarchy.
In Qing Dynasty, Yong Zhengdi established the military headquarters (handed down from ancient times)-the absolute monarchy reached its peak.
Unit 2 The Political System of Ancient Greece and Rome
I. The Political System of Greece
The reasons for the emergence of democratic politics in ancient Greece are: ① the unique geographical environment and the national conditions of small countries and few people; (2) the development of overseas trade and industry and commerce.
The basic characteristics of the city-state are: small country with few people and independence.
The establishment of Athenian democracy: Solon's reform-laying the foundation of Athenian democracy; Cleisthenes's reform-establishing Athenian democracy; Perikles's reform--pushing democracy in athens to its peak.
The characteristics of Athenian democracy: people's sovereignty, taking turns to govern.
Evaluation of Athenian democracy;
Positive aspects: ① The implementation of democratic politics makes the society relatively just and is conducive to social stability. (2) contributed to the political, economic and cultural prosperity of Athens. ③ It provided some reference for the later establishment of democratic politics by European and American bourgeoisie.
Negative aspects: ① Women, slaves and immigrants have no political rights, and only a few people can really enjoy democracy, which is essentially the democracy of the slave owner class. (2) Too much democracy can easily lead to anarchism. (Summary of high school history knowledge points)
Second, Roman law.
1, the origin and development of Roman law:
In the early Roman countries, there were only customary laws and no written laws. The symbol of the birth of written law is the promulgation of the twelve bronze tables law.
Civil law: Roman law, which is limited to Roman citizens and used to adjust the relations between Roman citizens, is called civil law.
Law of nations: In the process of Rome's external expansion, it gradually formed a law that is generally applicable to all free people within the scope of Roman rule, that is, the law of nations.
In the 6th century, The Complete Book of Civil Law marked the final completion of the Roman law system.
2. Evaluation of Roman law
Positive aspects: ① The formulation and implementation of Roman law maintained the rule of the empire and stabilized the social order. (2) Roman law is the first relatively complete code in European history, which has greatly influenced the legislation and judicial system of capitalist countries in modern Europe and America; It is a powerful weapon for the modern bourgeoisie to oppose feudalism.
Limitations: maintaining slavery
Unit 3 Establishment and Development of Modern Western Capitalist Political System
I. The British Revolution
Background: Roots: The autocratic rule of Stuart dynasty hindered the development of British capitalist economy.
Process: 1640 Revolution broke out in Britain. During this period, King Charles I was executed and the Republic was founded. But the restoration of the Stuart dynasty. 1688 the glorious revolution marked the completion of the British revolution.
Second, the British constitutional monarchy:
Features: ① Keeping the king, in fact, the status of "unification without cure" exists as a symbol of the country. (2) The highest power of the state lies in the parliament, and the representative system is implemented. Parliament is the highest legislative body of the country, and the cabinet holds the executive power and is responsible to Parliament.
1689 The promulgation of the Bill of Rights marks the formal establishment. /kloc-the responsibility system cabinet was gradually formed in the 0/8th century.
Third, the establishment of the American government:
1776, 13 British North American colonies became independent and the United States was born. At the beginning of independence, the United States was actually a loose alliance of 13 States (that is, confederation). 1789 The federal government was established and Washington was elected as the first president of the United States. /kloc-In the mid-9th century, the United States formed a pattern in which the Democratic Party and the Republican Party took turns to govern.
IV. US Constitution 1787:
1787, a constitutional convention was held in Philadelphia and the federal constitution was adopted.
Evaluation: ① It is the first relatively complete bourgeois constitution in the world. (2) Strengthen state power, implement the principle of separation of powers, and embody the spirit of bourgeois democracy. Limitations: admit black slavery, Indians have no citizenship, and women's status is low.
Five, the difficult road to the French Republic:
1789 French revolution and the establishment of the first Republic; 1870 The establishment of the Third Republic.
The intransitive verb Constitution of the Third Republic of France:
At the beginning of 1875, the National Assembly adopted the Constitution of the Third Republic of France.
Significance: the Republic (parliamentary Republic) was formally established in law, marking the final establishment of the French Republic.
VII. Unification of Germany:
Under the leadership of Bismarck, Prussia completed the unification of Germany through three dynastic wars. 187 1 year, a unified german empire was established.
Eight, Germany's dual constitutional monarchy:
Features: The emperor is not an empty position, but has real power. The emperor and the prime minister hold the power of the country. Parliament has no supervision over the government.
Answering skills of history multiple-choice questions
1. Give priority to "Arabic numerals" (pay attention to historical years and data)
Reading history multiple-choice questions and extracting information quickly and accurately are the most important abilities. The "Arabic" numbers in the history multiple-choice questions are easy to see. Arabic numerals are easy to find in many Chinese characters.
The "Arabic" numbers in history multiple-choice questions are often the key to solving problems. Because the "Arabic" number in the history multiple-choice question is either the year or the data related to the answer.
2. "Dressing and wearing a hat" is the key point (pay attention to the role of punctuation, brackets and quotation marks)
As we all know, punctuation plays an important role in Chinese expression. "Dressing" here refers to brackets and book titles. The appearance of brackets in history multiple-choice questions is often used to explain the key information in the topic, and the appearance of the title means that the source of the material has been told.
Knowing the source of the material will solve many problems such as the author of the material and the author's position. Here, "wearing a hat" refers to quotation marks, which appear in history multiple-choice questions, or are key information or emphasized keywords. Using the knowledge of punctuation marks in materials to solve problems quickly is the embodiment of comprehensive ability.
How to improve historical achievements quickly
1. Necessary preview before class
Read the textbook carefully, understand the content of the textbook, think about the key points of the content, find the learning difficulties, and prepare for listening. In the process of reading the materials carefully, if there are words or phrases you don't know, you must look up the reference books and learn them yourself. Draw what you don't understand with a pencil and get ready to listen to the teacher in class.
Cultivate interest
Interest is the best teacher. To discover the beauty of history. The beauty of history lies in that history is the collective memory of mankind; Studying history is like recalling our past; If you like to recall the past, then I believe you will love history. History is not a ruin. But a living soul.
High school history knowledge summary related articles:
★ Historical induction of high school knowledge points
★ Summary of the necessary knowledge points in high school history exam
★ High school history must recite knowledge points
★ A complete collection of high school history knowledge points
★ Summary of high school history knowledge points (compulsory one)
★ Summary of high school history knowledge points
★ Summary of compulsory knowledge points in high school history.
★ Compulsory knowledge points of high school history
var _ HMT = _ HMT | |[]; (function(){ var hm = document . createelement(" script "); hm.src = "/hm.js? 8 a6b 92 a 28 ca 05 1cd 1 a9f 6 beca 8 DCE 12e "; var s = document . getelementsbytagname(" script ")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(hm,s); })();