Historical blocks are living historical books and cultural treasures, which together with many widely distributed historical relics constitute the memory of the city.
Wen Ming Street Historic District refers to the area of about 265,438+0 hectares south of Huashan South Road, west of Zhengyi Road, north of Jingxing Street and east of Wuyi Road in Panlong District of Kunming. There are six main streets: Wen Ming Street, Jingxing Street, Guanghua Street, Yongdao Street, Shifu East Street and Miao Wen Zhi Street, including Dong Juan Cave Lane, Xi Juan Cave Lane, Jixiang Lane, Dayinggui Lane, Xiaoyinggui Lane, Xingfu Lane, Tongcheng Lane, Zhidao Lane, Xiaozifang Lane, Qiuzong Lane, Guojia Lane, Shuguang Lane and Sizhi Lane. It accounts for 3% of the old city area.
Wen Ming Street historical and cultural block is the only remaining old city in Kunming, and it is one of the most important symbols of Kunming's historical and cultural city. The history of civilized blocks originated from Dali, and it has a history of nearly 900 years since the founding of Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic of China and New China. The vicissitudes of 900 years' history have accumulated rich history and culture of Wen Ming Street, which contains rich time information. Its pluralistic architectural culture with traditional folk houses as the main body, its spiritual culture with Confucianism, anti-Japanese war culture and celebrity culture as the main body, its institutional culture reflected by major historical events such as the fall of the feudal dynasty, the rebirth of the feudal dynasty, the victory of the anti-Japanese war and the liberation of Kunming, and its folk culture with market commerce as the typical example are all unique and colorful.
The current pattern of Wen Ming block was gradually formed when Governor Yungui set up his office here in the Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty. In the 20th year of Kangxi (1683), Governor Cai Yurong transformed the old house in Yunnan into the Governor's House (now the People's Victory Hall). The Governor's Office is the highest organ in Yunnan and Guizhou provinces. The acting governor keeps building and building, which is distinguished and extraordinary. The establishment of the governor's yamen laid the foundation for the pattern of civilized blocks.
Since the establishment of the governor's office, the surrounding roads have emerged. The first one is the aisle facing the gate. The tunnel is the official passage for Qing officials to conduct ceremonial activities and enter and leave the Governor's Office. Low-ranking officials and civilians can only take narrow alleys, forming L-shaped east-bypass tunnels and west-bypass tunnels on both sides of the tunnels (bypass tunnels means narrow bends).
At that time, the governor, Fu and other yamen called it a quadrangle. Therefore, the road from the east gate of the Governor's yamen to the Fantai Yamen is called Dongyuan Street. Turn north from the Dulian area on the west side of the gate, and the road leading to the governor's yamen is called Xiyuan Street. The Food Department, the Salt Department and the Police Department in this area are all in the south of the tunnel, and the east-west road connecting these yamen is called Liangdao Street.
In this way, I-shaped roads with the Governor's Office as the center and connecting the four main offices respectively form the skeleton of civilized blocks. The positions of several yamen in Kunming during the Qing Dynasty were relatively stable, with little change for more than 200 years. These streets have been preserved.
Chongyang Uprising in Kunming was an armed uprising which was launched earlier, fought fiercely and sacrificed the most after Wuchang Uprising, and it also had great influence in the whole country. 19 1 1 During the Chongyang Uprising in, Governor Yungui's yamen, the head organ of feudal rule at that time, became one of the main battlefields of the armed uprising.
With the fall of the feudal dynasty, the yamen of Governor Yungui ended its historical mission. In order to celebrate the victory of the Double Ninth Festival Uprising, several surrounding streets were renamed. Dongyuan Street and Garden Gate were renamed Guanghua Street in the name of recovering China. Jingxing is considered as a symbol of good luck, so Liangdao Street was named Jingxing Street. South Street became Justice Street. The birth of street names such as Justice, Guanghua and Jingxing marks the beginning of a new era, records the glorious history of Kunming, and reflects the downfall of the feudal dynasty and the establishment of the system.
Architecture is a monument of human civilization. This is because it condenses human's ability to control materials, social and political culture and the crystallization of artists' wisdom. From the perspective of historical and social development, Kunming is an immigrant city formed by various historical periods and various reasons, and its architectural style is mainly influenced by China culture. At the same time, Kunming is located in the frontier ethnic areas, and its architectural style is obviously influenced by the architectural culture of ethnic minorities. Due to the construction of Yunnan-Vietnam railway and the opening of commercial ports, western architectural styles have also infiltrated into it, making the civilized street block a historical witness under multi-culture.
From north to south, Wen Ming Street can be roughly divided into three areas. Due to different historical functions, its architectural features are also quite different.
Confucian Temple Area: north of Confucian Temple Cross Street (now Renmin Road) and south of Huashan South Road. The main building is the Confucian Temple. Kunming Confucian Temple was built in Yuan Dynasty, and now it is built in the 29th year of Kangxi (1690), with a history of more than 300 years.
Confucius Temple is a holy place to commemorate Confucius and carry forward Confucianism. Historical facts show that Confucianism has played a great role in the historical development of Yunnan, such as storing and spreading advanced culture, constructing feudal ethics in Yunnan society, and promoting the cultural psychological identity of all ethnic groups in Yunnan and the cultural identity of the Chinese nation. Confucius Temple was originally a typical and perfect garden-style building in China, and it is one of the larger and more exquisite buildings in our city. However, due to various reasons, the old buildings were gradually demolished and rebuilt. Except for Lingxingmen, the water bridge on the Chi Pan and the Gui Xiang Tower, which were rebuilt near 1978, other buildings, including inscriptions, couplets and plaques, have disappeared.
After the Revolution of 1911, Confucius Temple became a popular paradise for Kunming people, with public teahouses, chess rooms, newspaper reading rooms, traditional opera lamp rooms and brightly lit open-air stadiums. After the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), the relevant departments carried out many renovations on it, and once renamed it Public Entertainment Park and Kunming Public Art Museum. In recent years, through the transformation, not only the quiet environment and lush trees have been maintained, but also many elegant cultural activities have been set up, which are full of rich flavor of life, market and culture.
Shengli Hall area: The main building south of Miao Wen Street and north of Guanghua Street is Shengli Hall.
Shengli Hall was built in the former site of Yunnan-Guizhou Governor's Office, and construction started on 1944. Formerly known as Zhigongtang, it was later renamed Zhongshan Memorial Hall. 1946 was renamed the Anti-Japanese War Victory Memorial Hall when it was completed. In addition to the arc gable of the audience hall, the building adopts the traditional rest-hill type gray pipe slab roof and open bucket arch. Painted picture frame, white stone goulan, strong national style. The surrounding layout of the Victory Hall has also been transformed, and the overall bird's eye view is goblet-shaped, which is quite spectacular. Yun Rui East Road and Yun Rui West Road on both sides of Shengli Hall are the cup walls, and Yun Rui North Road on the north is the cup mouth. In the Qing Dynasty, the oval Yun Rui Park was built, which served as the location of the zhaobi of Yunnan-Guizhou Governor's Office. The architecture of Shengli Hall is a model of modern architecture in Kunming.
1950 65438+In February, the first People's Congress of Kunming laid the foundation stone for the Monument to the People's Heroes in the center of Shengli Tangqian Square, which was completed on February 24th 1995. The monument is 27 meters high and square, with a two-story pedestal. The underground space of the pedestal is used to set up the Yunnan People's Heroes Memorial Room. The four walls at the bottom of the monument are embedded with reliefs reflecting the history of Yunnan people's struggle. The monument is solemn and solemn, expressing the reverence and nostalgia of the Yunnan people for the revolutionary martyrs.
South of Guanghua Street is mainly the place where citizens live and do business, and it is the place where folk culture is most concentrated.
Most buildings in Kunming are deeply influenced by China culture. Historically, the architectural layout of Kunming was dominated by Han quadrangles, which absorbed the characteristics of Bai, Yi and other ethnic groups. Generally, three single buildings (called rooms) are formed by taking rooms as units, and then they are enclosed to form quadrangles representing Kunming characteristics. At the same time, the residential buildings in Kunming area also include single-square houses, three squares and one wall, four entrances and five patios, six entrances and one spring from Dali Bai people in western Yunnan. Three liu er flower halls and four wagons in Jianshui and Shiping areas in southeast Yunnan. And after the completion of the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway, with the invasion of western colonialism and yearning for western architectural culture, foreign villas with brick and wood structures appeared. Many of these buildings are preserved in civilized blocks, and some are still good.
According to the investigation of relevant departments, there are still more than 20 houses in Wen Ming Street, which are well-preserved and high-grade buildings, especially No.7 and No.8 Courtyard of Xiaoying Guixiang, Juren Lane 10, 165438, Xijuan East Lane 1 0, Jixiang Lane 18. Most of these houses are well-laid, well-structured, exquisitely made and carved, which represents the level of residential buildings in Kunming at that time, embodies the blend of Central Plains culture and Yunnan national culture and has high artistic value and appreciation. It can be said that Wen Ming Street is a museum of residential buildings in Kunming.
Shops facing the street in Wen Ming Street area are fixed as two or three-story wooden buildings with earth walls and unique styles. Most of the upper floors are for people to live in, slightly protruding outwards, and there are different styles of columns. The lower floors are shops, slightly indented. There is a wall of wind and fire between the shops. This kind of heavy building with single eaves and hanging columns is the characteristic of Kunming, which is mainly paved along the street and connected into a new neighborhood.
Due to the large-scale construction in Kunming, a large number of historical blocks have disappeared. Quiet and tortuous alleys in Kunming are rare, but the alleys in Wen Ming Street are basically well preserved. These alleys not only reflect a lifestyle and state of Kunming urban residents in a specific period, but also record interesting stories.
With the development and change of economy and society, we can see a common phenomenon by tracing the commercial history of Wen Ming Street, that is, the business projects of shops in various streets are one after another, and the ebb and flow have left unforgettable memories for people of different periods and different needs. Lantern shops, candle shops and cable shops, which flourished here in the Qing Dynasty, have long since retired from people's lives. Even bookstores in movies during the Anti-Japanese War are hard to find. Even the new year's goods market in Wen Ming Street, porcelain shops and clothing stores in Miao Wen Street in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China have become the childhood dreams of the elderly.
Among today's numerous commercial projects, we can see that there are still some projects that are as full of historical marks as old shops. That is pharmacy Yiguang, catering industry and traditional handicraft market.
Yunnan is rich in medicinal resources, ranking first in the country. Kunming is an important processing and distribution center of Chinese herbal medicines in Yunnan. The trade, production and processing of traditional Chinese medicine have a long history, and a number of excellent traditional Chinese medicine and famous medicines have been produced. During the period of the Republic of China, in the pharmacy Yiguang, in addition to Fu Lin Hall, Yang Daan Hall, Wang Yuntong Ointment Drugstore and Huang Yiguang in the Qing Dynasty, a number of new pharmacies and clinics also opened one after another, such as the Zheng's female elixir in Guanghua Street, Wan Zimei Clinic, Yiguang in Huangnong Mountain in Xinjie, and hospitals. Today, Fu Lin Tang and Wang Yuntong Ointment Pharmacy are still operating, and Fu Lin Tang has also developed into a huge company.
In the catering industry, Wen Ming Street has always been a concentrated area of catering industry in history. During the Republic of China, there were not only famous time-honored brands, such as * * * and high-end restaurants such as He Chun and Huafeng Teahouse, but also many flavor snacks gathered here, such as fat roast duck in Jingxing Street, minced meat buns in Renhe Garden and rice noodles crossing the bridge, which were very famous and representative. Nowadays, with the pace of reform and opening up, the catering industry in Wen Ming Street still maintains the traditional Yunnan flavor and the scene of gathering Chinese, western, north and south.
Of course, there is also a famous flower and bird market here.
The flower and bird market is located in Yongdao Street in the center of Kunming. Although this market was formed in the early 1980s, most of the commodities it deals in are traditional products of Kunming, whether it is flowers, birds, insects, fish, antiques, wood carvings and jade articles, ceramics, Tatar root carvings, copper products, batik tie-dyeing, embroidered flowers, national jewelry, Yunnan Weiqi (Yunzi) and various handicrafts, which all reflect the characteristics of Kunming's inheritance technology and handicraft distribution center.
Historical celebrities who have lived and worked in Wen Ming Street mainly include people's musician Nie Er, great proletarian revolutionary Zhu De, national hero Lin Zexu and international friend Ho Chi Minh.
Although we believe that the purpose of protecting historical blocks is not only for tourism, historical blocks have undoubtedly become an important tourism resource with great tourism functions. It is also the rise of tourism that makes many people begin to understand the value of protecting the style of historical blocks. With the development of protection and renewal, Wen Ming Street Historic District will become an important historical and cultural tourist attraction and a traditional commodity catering trade area in our city.