In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, there were 36 countries in the Western Region, which later split into more than 50 countries. Social conditions vary from country to country. There is Loulan (later called Shanshan, now Ruoqiang area in Xinjiang) near Puchanghai (now Lop Nur, Xinjiang) on the southern edge of Tarim Basin south of Tianshan Mountain. From then on, there were Qiemo (now Qiemo in Xinjiang), Xiaowan (now Qiemo in Xinjiang), Jingjue (now Fengbei in Xinjiang), Rong Lu (now Fengnan in Xinjiang), Fei and other places. From east to west, the northern margin of the basin is Shanzang (now east of Bosten Lake in Xinjiang), Yuli (now west of Korla in Xinjiang), Yanqi (now Yanqi in Xinjiang), Leo (now northeast of Luntai in Xinjiang), Qiuci (now Kuqa in Xinjiang), Gu Mo (now Aksu in Xinjiang), Wensu (now Wushi in Xinjiang) and Wei. Most of these countries around Tarim basin are engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry with battlements as the center, and only a few countries rely on weeds for their livelihood. To the west of the basin and south of the Green Ridge, there are small countries such as Ai Yin (now southwest of shache) and Nandou (now Pakistan in Kashmir), some of which live in cities and some are nomadic. In the Junggar Basin north of Tianshan Mountain, there are Pu (near Bakuo Lake in Xinjiang today), Che (west of Turpan in Xinjiang today), Che Houguo (west of Qitian in Xinjiang today), Beilu (northeast of Urumqi in Xinjiang today), Danhuan (now Urumqi) and Wusun (northwest of Xinjiang and Central Asia today). These countries are mainly nomadic people. Besides the Green Ridge, there is Dawan (now Fergana Valley in Central Asia), where agriculture and animal husbandry are relatively developed. There are Dayue people in the southwest of Dawan (now Amu Darya River basin) and Kangju people in the west of Dawan (now between Balkhash Lake and Aral Sea), all of whom are engaged in nomadic life. Among the above-mentioned western countries, Wusun has the largest population of 630,000, while other small and medium-sized countries have smaller populations, with the smallest population less than 200.
Xiongnu's control over some countries in the northern western regions
In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, about 177 or 176 BC (three or four years before Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty), tarquin moved westward, rushed into Junggar Basin, entered the northeast of Tarim Basin through the gap at the eastern foot of Tianshan Mountain, and conquered many small countries such as Wusun and Loulan. Xiongnu set servants and governors in Yanqi and Yuli, controlled trade routes and plundered wealth, "collecting taxes again, making all countries miserable" (Han Shu Xi Yu Zhuan). Xiongnu emissaries go to the western regions, and all countries along the way have to provide all expenses free of charge, so they are not allowed to stay. The rule of Xiongnu was extremely cruel. King Pulei offended Hun Khan and moved more than 6,000 people. "The right part of Xiongnu in Inner Mongolia is evil, and it is called evil country" ("Han Shu Xi Yu Zhuan"), and the scattered Pu people hid in the valley and saved the name of Pu. When Lao Shangshan Khan was in power (174- 160), he defeated Da Yue's family, killed his king, and even used his head as a wine vessel.
Jess Zhang
Zhangqian (? -Former 1 14), born in Chenggu, Hanzhong (now Chenggu, Shaanxi), was a famous explorer and diplomat in the Western Han Dynasty. Officials go to big banks (officials who receive guests) and are looking forward to blogs. He went to the Western Regions twice, once to Yunnan and twice to the Xiongnu with the army. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions to contact Da Yue to crusade against the Huns.
During the first year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (140- 135), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty heard from Huns that when the Huns defeated Dayue, they used the skull of King Dayue as a drinking vessel. After Da Yuexi fled, he hated the Huns and tried to get revenge, but he couldn't find an ally to attack the Huns. So he ordered the recruitment of messengers to be sent to Dayue's family, and Zhang Qian firmly subscribed; In BC 138 (the third year of Jianyuan), he went to the Western Regions. Dayue's original name is Yueshi, also known as Yueshi (the word "big" was added by the Han people). Originally engaged in nomadic life in Dunhuang and Qilian Mountains. When the Qin Dynasty became strong, the Huns were coerced to send Khan Yuzi as a hostage. At the end of Qin Dynasty, the Xiongnu proton modu chanyu fled back to Xiongnu from Da Yue, and killed his father as Khan. After that, he sent troops to attack Da Yue twice. Da Yue was defeated and moved westward to Junggar Basin. When it rained in Laoshan Mountain (before174-before 160), the Xiongnu broke the Dayue family and killed its king, and Dayue family moved westward to the Yili River basin. Later, Wusun, the servant of Xiongnu, attacked Da Yue and occupied the Ili River basin. Da Yue was forced to migrate to the southwest, defeated Daxia and seized the Amu Darya River basin. When Zhang Qian found the Yue family through many twists and turns, the Yue family had already settled in the Amu Darya for many years. "The land is fertile, the bandits are few, the ambition is happy, and it is far away from the Han Dynasty (far away from the Han Dynasty), so I have no intention to repay Hu Zhixin" (Biography of Zhang Hanqian). Zhang Qian's mission of contacting Yue family to attack Xiongnu failed.
Zhang Qian was caught by Huns on the way.
According to Zhang Hanqian's Biography, Zhang Qian, the father of Tang Yi and so on 100 people left Longxi, passed through Xiongnu and were caught by Xiongnu. It is reported that Khan detained Zhang Qian for more than ten years and forced him to marry a Xiongnu wife and have children. "However, he didn't lose the Han Festival." Later, Zhang Qian took the Huns by surprise and led the crowd to escape to Da Yue. When Zhang Qian came back from Dayue's home, he saw that the northern road was dangerous and changed to the southern road. Unexpectedly, he was caught by the Huns and held for more than a year. It was not until Khan died of illness and the Xiongnu nobles fought for sovereignty that he fled back to the Han Dynasty with his Xiongnu wife and Tang Yi's father. At this time, it was 126 BC (the third year of yuanshuo).
In BC 1 19, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions.
In BC 1 19 (the fourth year of Yuanshou), the Han army killed the Huns in Mobei, and Zhang Qian suggested that Emperor Wu invite Wu Sun to return to his hometown in Hexi and cut off the Huns' right arm. Zhang Qian told Emperor Wu that when he was detained by Xiongnu, he heard that Wusun had lived in Qilian Mountain and Dunhuang area, adjacent to Dayue's family. Da Yue captured Wusun's residence and killed his king, forcing Wusun's royal family to flee to Xiongnu. Later, the Dayue family was attacked by the Huns, moved westward and occupied the Ili River area. Kunmo, the current leader of Wusun, defeated the Dayue family with the help of Xiongnu Khan, drove them away and occupied the Ili River valley, but he still often missed his hometown. Zhang Qian suggested that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty give Wusun a generous bribe and let him go back to his hometown to help Han. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered Zhang Qian to lead a mission of 300 people with tens of thousands of cows, sheep, gold coins and silks, and then set out for the Western Regions.
Western countries sent envoys to visit Chang 'an.
Zhang Qian made his second mission to the Western Regions and came to Wusun to persuade Wusun to return to his hometown to govern the Xiongnu. However, Wusun's ministers were unwilling to move eastward, and Kunmo was too old to be independent, so he sent a delegation of dozens of people. 1 15 BC (the second year of Ding Yuan),