Luoyang (the ancient capital of the 15th Dynasty), Kaifeng (seven dynasties), Anyang (the ancient capital of Xia and Shang Dynasties) and Zhengzhou (the ancient capital of Xia, Shang, Zheng and Han Dynasties) are all ancient capitals of thousands of years. Among the 109 famous historical and cultural cities announced by the State Council, Henan occupies 8, ranking first in China. Xia established its capital in Erlitou, Yanshi (now Yanshi, Luoyang, Henan), then moved its capital to Yangcheng (now Dengfeng, Luoyang, Zhengzhou, Henan), then moved its capital to Yangzhai (now Xuchang, Yuzhou, Henan), and Shang established its capital in Bo (now near Shangqiu, Henan) and then moved its capital to Yin (Anyang). Later, many dynasties established their capitals in Luoyang. Whenever there is civil strife in China, Henan is a battleground for military strategists. The name "China" comes from a country centered on the Central Plains.
In the early Neolithic period, there were various forms of cultural origin and development in Henan, the Central Plains region in the middle reaches of the Yellow River in China. Now, Peiligang culture and Jiahu culture have been excavated by archaeology.
In the early Neolithic period, Peiligang culture
Peiligang culture is about 9000 to 7000 years ago. It was named after the first excavation and identification in Peiligang Village, Xinzheng, Zhengzhou, Henan Province. The distribution of this culture is centered on Xinzheng, east to eastern Henan, west to western Henan, south to Dabie Mountain and north to Taihang Mountain. Important sites include Linru Zhongshanzhai Site and Changge Shigu Site.
Early Neolithic Age, Jiahu Culture and Jiahu Site
Jiahu site is a Neolithic cultural site from 9000 to 7700 years ago. It is located in Jiahu Village, southwest of Beiwudu Town, Wuyang County, Luohe City, Henan Province, China, with an area of about 55,000 square meters. It was discovered by teachers and students of the village primary school in the autumn of 1979 during the construction of Jiahu village embankment.
Jiahu culture is the first cultural relic recorded in a clear period in the long history of the Chinese nation, and it is "the first threshold for human beings to move from ignorance to civilization". As a symbol of human civilization and culture 9000 years ago, Jiahu culture is an important milestone in the history of human music.
Neolithic age, Yangshao culture
Yangshao culture is an important Neolithic culture in the middle reaches of the Yellow River in China. It is about 7000 to 5000 years ago and distributed in the middle reaches of the Yellow River from today's Gansu Province to Henan Province. 192 1 was discovered by Swedish archaeologist An Tesheng in Yangshao Village, Mianchi, Sanmenxia, Henan Province, which became the starting point of the birth of modern archaeology in China. Today, thousands of Yangshao cultural sites have been discovered in China, among which Shaanxi Province is the center of Yangshao culture. The name of Yangshao culture comes from its first excavation site-the site of Yangshao Village in Mianchi, Sanmenxia City, Henan Province.
Late Neolithic period, Longshan culture
Huaiyang, Dengfeng, Yancheng and Huixian have the ruins of Longshan Cultural Castle in Xia Dynasty. Longshan culture belongs to the late Neolithic period in China, which generally refers to the cultural remains of the late Neolithic period and bronze culture in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in China. It was named after its first discovery in Longshan Town (now Zhangqiu) in Licheng, Shandong Province, about 4350-3950 years ago. Distributed in Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi and other provinces in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. In Dawenkou culture, the fast-wheel pottery-making technology was widely used in this period. The polished black pottery is more in quantity and better in quality. It is made by firing vessels as thin as eggshells and its surface is as bright as paint, which is the peak period in the history of pottery making in China.
Since the discovery of Longshan site, archaeologists have discovered cultural remains of this period in Henan, Shaanxi, Shanxi and Hubei. However, due to their different cultural characteristics, they were named Longshan culture in Henan, Longshan culture in Shaanxi, Shijiahe culture in Hubei and Longshan culture in Taosi, Shanxi, which were collectively called Longshan culture. The most striking feature of culture in this period is the discovery of urban sites. For example, in Shandong Province, in addition to the Longshan site in Chengziya, there are eight sites found in Rizhao Yaowangcheng site, Shouguang Wangcheng site, Yanggu, Dong 'e and chiping counties, and Tianwang Village site in Linzi. There are Pingliangtai Ancient City in Huaiyang, Wang Chenggang in Dengfeng, Haojiatai in Yancheng and Mengzhuang in Huixian.
Erlitou culture
Crossing the Neolithic Age and Bronze Age, Erlitou Culture
Erlitou culture is a culture spanning the Neolithic Age and Bronze Age in China. It was named after Erlitou Site in Erlitou Village, Yanshi, Luoyang, Henan Province. The time is about 2 1 century to17th century, and the geographical scope covers Zhengzhou and Luoyang in central and western Henan, yi river, Luohe, Heying and Ruhe River basins, and the lower reaches of Fenhe River in southern Shanxi. 1952 Discovered Yucun Site in Dengfeng, Henan Province, which is the earliest Erlitou cultural relic excavated. At that time, this type of culture had not been named. This culture was named "Roda Temple Type" because of the excavation of Roda Temple site in Zhengzhou in 1956. After the excavation of Erlitou site from 65438 to 0959, this type of remains was renamed as "Erlitou culture" because it was more typical. At present, nearly 100 Erlitou cultural sites have been discovered, including Donggangou, Yingli and Dongmagou in Luoyang, Qilipu in Shaanxi, Jingshan Park in Linru and Roda Temple in Zhengzhou.
Xia dynasty (2 1 century-BC16th century) is also the oldest tribal alliance country recorded in the history books of China, and the earliest hereditary dynasty of slavery in the history of China. Moved the capital several times, from Erlitou, Yanshi (now Yanshi, Luoyang, Henan Province) to Yangcheng (now Dengfeng, Zhengzhou, Henan Province) and then to Yangzhai (now Yuzhou, Xuchang, Henan Province).
Shang Dynasty (16th century-1 1 century) was also centered on today's Henan, and its last capital, Yin, was located in today's Anyang.
1 1 century ago, the Western Zhou Dynasty destroyed the business, and its capital was near Xi 'an, Shaanxi. 7 1 1 years ago, he moved the capital to Luoyi and began to split the turbulent Eastern Zhou Dynasty. At that time, Henan was divided into many small countries, such as Dai, Chen, Cai, Cao, Zheng, Wei and Song. Jin, a powerful northern country, was later divided into three countries, among which Xinzheng, the capital of South Korea (Warring States), and Daliang, the capital of Wei (Kaifeng), are all in today's Henan. Chu is a powerful country in the south, and it also has Nanyang and other military sites in the south of Henan. Finally, in the first 22 1 year, the western state of Qin wiped out all the vassal states and formed a unified China. Since the Neolithic Age, there have been Yangshao cultural sites in Henan, Longshan cultural castle sites in Xia Dynasty and Erlitou culture in Dengfeng. Shang Dynasty (16th century-1 1 century) was also centered on today's Henan, and its last capital, Yin, was located in today's Anyang. 1 1 century ago, the Western Zhou Dynasty destroyed the business, and its capital was near Xi 'an, Shaanxi. Before 7 1 1, it moved its capital to Luoyi and began to split the turbulent Eastern Zhou Dynasty. At that time, Henan was divided into many small countries such as Chen, Cai, Cao, Zheng, Wei and Song. Jin, a powerful country in the north, was later divided into three countries, among which Xinzheng, the capital of South Korea, and Daliang (Kaifeng), the capital of Wei, are both in today's Henan. Chu is a powerful country in the south, and it also has Nanyang and other military sites in the south of Henan. Finally, in the first 22 1 year, the western state of Qin wiped out all the vassal states and formed a unified China.
Eastern Han Dynasty
Luoyang is the capital. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Cao took Xuchang as his stronghold and gradually pacified the warlords in the Central Plains. In 220, his son Cao Pi established the State of Wei (one of the Three Kingdoms), which was replaced by the Western Jin Dynasty (265 -3 16) 45 years later. Both Wei and the Western Jin Dynasty once made Luoyang their capital. Since the 4th century, the invading nomads have established 16 countries in northern China, including Houzhao, Yan Qian, Qianqin, Houyan and Houqin. In 439, the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the North and moved its capital to Luoyang in 493. And built the Longmen Grottoes in the southern suburbs.
Northern Qi Dynasty (550-577)
In 605, after Yang Di ascended the throne, he wanted to move the capital from Chang 'an to Luoyang, overhaul the palace gardens and excavate the Grand Canal centered on Luoyang. Soon the Sui Dynasty perished, and the Tang Dynasty made Chang 'an its capital, but Luoyang, located in the Central Plains, was also designated as the East Capital. During the Five Dynasties, Kaifeng was the capital of four dynasties: Hou Liang, Houjin, Houhan and Houzhou.
Kaifeng, ancient capital
Northern Song Dynasty
(960- 1 127) Kaifeng (Tokyo or Bianjing). Although China failed to achieve military success in the Song Dynasty, it was a golden age in the economic and cultural fields. In A.D. 1 127, Jurchen Jin from present-day northeast China conquered the area north of Huaihe River. Millions of refugees moved to Jiangnan with the court, and the Southern Song Dynasty began. Since then, the economic and cultural center of China has shifted to the south and north coasts, and the Yangtze River Delta has replaced Henan as the new economic and cultural center of China.
Yuan dynasty (1206- 1368)
12 14, Jin was threatened by Mongolia and moved his capital from Yanjing to Kaifeng. 1234 was finally destroyed by Mongolia. The Mongols established a provincial system, and Kaifeng is the capital of Jiangbei Province in Henan Province. During the southern expedition of Nuzhen and Mongolia, the North China Plain, including Henan, suffered a devastating blow, a large number of people died or fled, forming a large no-man's land, a large number of water conservancy facilities were systematically destroyed, and the Yellow River flooded more and more seriously. Since then, Henan has lost its long-standing advantages.
1 194, the Yellow River changed its course and squeezed into the sea from today's northern Jiangsu. Since the Song Dynasty, the Han people in the Central Plains moved south to escape the war, and then moved abroad to all parts of the world, forming a Hakka with extensive influence now.
Ming and Qing dynasties
1368, the Ming dynasty was founded, and the provincial boundaries of Henan province have been roughly the same as today. There are eight states: Kaifeng, Henan (Luoyang), Guide (Shangqiu), Nanyang, Runing (Runan), Weihui, Zhangde (Anyang) and Huaiqing (Qinyang). There is also a king of Zhou in Kaifeng. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, 164 1 year, Li Zicheng captured Luoyang and killed Zhu. 1642 During Li Zicheng's siege of Kaifeng, the Yellow River was dug up (some people said that it was Li Zicheng who dug the river, others said that it was the army who dug the river), and only 30,000 of the 370,000 people in the city survived. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Henan's agriculture was restored to a certain extent, and gradually became an important population concentration and major grain producing area again.
Beiyang and the Republic of China
In the 20th century, with the opening of Pinghan Railway (1906) and Longhai Railway (19 10), the section from Kaifeng to Luoyang was in Xuzhou on 19 18 and in Haizhou on 1925.
During the period of Beiyang warlords, Luoyang was once a base area. 1926, Feng Yuxiang participated in the Northern Expedition and entered Henan. 1930, between Chiang Kai-shek and Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang and Li Zongren, with Henan as the main battlefield, a large-scale civil war-the Central Plains War was launched. Chiang Kai-shek's Central Army won a total victory. 1932, during the Battle of Songhu, the National Government moved from Nanjing to Luoyang. During the period of 1928- 1932, * * Zhang, Xu and others opened up revolutionary base areas in Dabie Mountains, which once threatened Wuhan. Xinji (now Xinxian County) is the capital of Hubei, Henan and Anhui base areas, where the first plane of the Red Army "Lenin" was born.
1In June, 938, after the Japanese army occupied Kaifeng, the China army dug the Yellow River levee at Huayuankou, Zhengzhou to prevent the Japanese army from attacking Zhengzhou and Wuhan, but it also caused more than 40 counties in Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces to become flooded areas of the Yellow River, and 4.8 million people went bankrupt. From 65438 to 0954, from Kaifeng to Zhengzhou in Henan Province. Plain provinces briefly existed (1950) in the early 1950s, including northern Henan and western Shandong, and Xinxiang, the provincial capital, was abolished on 1952.
On April 20th, 1958, the first people's commune in China, Chayashan Satellite People's Commune, was established in suiping county, which started the Great Leap Forward. In the next three years of famine, Henan was also the province that suffered the most losses, and it was estimated that millions of people died.
1In August, 1975, the rainstorm brought by typhoon triggered the flood in the upper reaches of Huaihe River, and two large reservoirs, Banqiao and Shimantan, and dozens of small and medium-sized reservoirs in Zhumadian area broke at the same time, resulting in the flooding of 29 counties and cities, 1 1 10,000 mu of farmland and110,000 people. This is the biggest reservoir dam-break tragedy in human history.