What is Duan's evaluation in the history of the Republic of China?
Duan Ruiqi (1865- 1936), also known as Zhiquan, was called "Zhengdao old man" in his later years, and he was a native of Hefei, Anhui Province, so he was also called "Duan Hefei". He, Feng and Wang Shizhen are also known as the "Three Heroes of Beiyang". The leader of Anhui warlords in the Republic of China. Although Duan is a warlord, his personality image is quite good. Because of his deep belief in Buddhism, he mostly eats vegetarian food on weekdays. He is serious, unsmiling, simple and clean as water, with no savings and no real estate. His life creed is "no smoking, no drinking, no whoring, no gambling, no greed, no occupation", and he is known as the "Six Prime Ministers". During the Republic of China, materialistic, officials are not greedy, he is an alternative of officialdom.
Duan's political career is full of drama, and the most talked about is "three innovations * * * and". As soon as he made peace, he obeyed Yuan Shikai's will, jointly signed 46 senior Beiyang generals to urge the Qing court to abdicate, and made a gesture of going to Beijing to force the palace, eventually forcing the Qing emperor to abdicate; Second, after assisting Yuan Shikai to become the temporary president, suppressing the "Second Revolution" and forcing Li to leave Hubei for Beijing, he stood on Yuan Shikai's "confidant" position and strongly opposed Yuan Shikai's signing of "Article 21" with Japan, resigning due to illness and refusing to be knighted (Yuan Shikai was knighted when he proclaimed himself emperor);
After the "zhang xun restoration", the three criminals electrified the whole country to crusade against Zhang Xun in the name of the commander-in-chief of the rebel army, and it took only seven days to put down the farce. Liang Qichao commented: "Its shortcomings are inevitable, but regardless of interests, it has the courage to take responsibility for the country and is unparalleled in the country." Wu: "There is no public service in the world. I wonder how many people call themselves emperors and how many people call themselves kings. How can they make contributions to the country and rebuild great rivers and mountains?" At this point, it is wrong to be at odds today and not to fight tomorrow, worrying about the people and losing their fathers. "
Duan's experience in studying abroad and his antipathy to imperialism made him a "reformist", but he failed to find his proper position in the new political order. He was in power many times but failed to turn the tide, and was finally replaced by others.
Duan, who grew up in a military camp with his grandfather, was born with a rebellious leader temperament. He is diligent, intelligent, brave in taking responsibility, opinionated, loyal to others, authoritative, not greedy for money and sex-these qualities required by traditional generals make him easily stand out in the army and easily win over subordinates to form his own power. Duan, with his position in Beiyang Group and supervision of various military schools, made most generals of Beiyang warlords either his protege or his subordinates. The relationship between the above-mentioned subordinates and their proteges maintained the centripetal force of the section, thus forming the Anhui warlord.
The main deeds of Duan
From 19 16 to 1920, he was the actual ruler of Beiyang government. The Republic of China was temporarily in power from 1924 to 1926. 1926 On March 8, 2008/kloc-0, the Duan government suppressed the Beijing student movement in the March 18th tragedy. After the September 18th Incident, the Japanese threatened Duan to organize a puppet government in the northeast, but Duan sternly refused. 1936165438+1October 2, Duan died in Shanghai Hong 'en Hospital.
Known as the "six prime ministers", he has served as four prime ministers, four army chiefs of staff, one chief of staff and one head of state. He was the first army chief of staff and artillery commander of China's modern army. He was the general manager of Baoding Military Academy, the first modern military academy in China.
Extended data
Duan remained clean in his later years and did not cooperate with the Japanese aggressors. After the "September 18th Incident", Japan supported Puyi to establish the puppet Manchukuo, and Kenji, the spy chief, secretly visited Duan in Tianjin many times. In order to avoid the threat of the Japanese army, Duan moved his family to Shanghai and publicly expressed his anti-Japanese attitude.
In an interview with the reporter of Shen Bao, he said: "Japan is rampant, and it has reached the point where it can't be felt and unreasonable. Our country can only unite as one and strive for self-improvement. As the saying goes, it is better to ask others than to ask yourself. The whole country is actively preparing and coping together. Although there are ten Japan, why are you afraid of it? " "Patriotism is consistent between the ruling and the opposition, and saving the country can only save yourself."
Refer to Baidu Encyclopedia-Section
Who is Duan?
Duan (1865 March 6-1936165438+1October 2), whose real name is from Hefei, Anhui Province, is also called "Duan Hefei". A famous politician in the Republic of China, he is known as the "tiger of Beiyang", the leader of Anhui warlords, and the main target of Sun Yat-sen's "movement to protect the people".
From 19 16 to 1920, he was the actual ruler of Beiyang government. The Republic of China was temporarily in power from 1924 to 1926. On March 1926 and 18, the Duan government suppressed the student movement in Beijing and the "March 18th" tragedy occurred. After the September 18th Incident, the Japanese threatened Duan to organize a puppet government in the northeast, but Duan sternly refused. 1936165438+1October 2, Duan died in Shanghai Hong 'en Hospital.
Known as the "six prime ministers", he has served as four prime ministers, four army chiefs of staff, one chief of staff and one head of state. He was the first army chief of staff and artillery commander of China's modern army. He was the general manager of Baoding Military Academy, the first modern military academy in China.
Who is Duan?
Duan (1865-1936), formerly known as Zhiquan, was a late Zhengdao old man, a politician in the Republic of China, and one of the "three northern outstanding figures". The leader of Anhui warlord. He helped Yuan Shikai to practice Beiyang Army, and after fifteen years in politics, he led the internal affairs and diplomacy of Beiyang Government after Yuan Shikai's death. Yes; The good name of "Three Innovations * * * and Harmony" was later defeated by the direct line because of Xu Shuzheng's favor and superstition of unified force, and made a brief comeback with the help of the triangular alliance with Zhang and Sun Yat-sen, but it became a decoration because of the loss of actual power. Geng Jie, who has been honest and clean all his life, has great personality charm. He was also the first army chief of staff and artillery commander of China's modern army. He was the general manager of Baoding Military Academy, the first modern military academy in China.
Make a * * * and
Wuchang Uprising
19110 Wuchang uprising broke out, the Qing court shook, and the Qing soldiers fought fiercely with the revolutionary army in Hankou. On the 23rd, the Qing court ordered the prefect section of Jiangbei to go to Hubei by sea to participate in the war. On 25th, Duan was appointed as the president of the Second Army (also called Juntong) 1 13 10/3, and Yuan Shikai sent Duan to Shaanxi to deal with the aftermath of Wu Luzhen's assassination. In 18, Yuan Shikai ordered Duan to go south and concurrently served as the president of the First Army, and was appointed as the governor with the rank of second class. 12 14 With Feng, he handed over the key volumes of the first army's military management and customs defense, and stationed in Xiaogan, Hubei Province, fully responsible for the combat tasks of the front line and the revolutionary army, and oppressed the revolutionary army by force.
Forcing the Qing court to abdicate
1912 65438+10.5, Duan retreated to Xiaogan from Hankou, and on the 7th, he sent Jin, the chief adviser, back to Beijing from Hankou to seek to unite various armies, demanding * * *. 65438126 October, Duan, following Yuan Shikai's will, jointly signed a letter with 46 senior Beiyang generals, urging the Qing court to abdicate. Yuan Shikai, Xu Shichang, Feng and Wang Shizhen called Duan with the note "Stop * * * and the regime" (1), asking them to advise the generals not to act rashly. On February 5th, Duan United more than eight generals of an army to send a telegram (2), claiming to "lead all the soldiers to Beijing", and moved his headquarters from Xiaogan, Hubei Province to Baoding, Hebei Province on 10, making a gesture of going to Beijing to force the palace, and arrived in Beijing on1. /kloc-In February of 0/2, the Empress Dowager Qing was forced by various pressures and finally abdicated the Qing Emperor, which was Duan's "peace".
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19 12 February 15, Yuan Shikai was elected as the interim president by the Nanjing Provisional Senate. On June 17, Yuan Rangduan acted as the military chief, with the power to train, transfer troops and promote officers. 10 In March, Yuan Shikai was appointed as the interim president of the Republic of China in Beijing; 1 1 In March, Tang was appointed Prime Minister of the Cabinet; On March 29th, Duan was appointed Chief of Staff of the Army, and the first cabinet was established in Beijing. Duan actively participated in Yuan Shikai's activities to crack down on the responsible cabinet and revolutionaries. On August 16, 2006, Duan's deputy was the governor-general, which enabled Yuan Shikai and Li to realize the plot to assassinate the founding fathers of Wuchang. On the 22nd, the Senate impeached Duan, and on the 23rd, Duan went to the Senate to reply. On September 7, Yuan Shikai awarded Duan as an army general. 65438 10 9 was awarded special honor and second-class golden harvest chapter. 1913 March 10, Duan signed a loan contract of 200 million yuan with Jebsen foreign firm of Germany to buy arms to suppress the revolution. /kloc-in may, 2000, Duan, acting as the prime minister as the chief of the army, proudly refused to answer the question of the state councilor of the house of representatives (about the loan for the aftermath). 17 July, the Prime Minister was dismissed. /kloc-In July of 0/9, he acted as the Prime Minister again and participated in the "Second Revolution" of the Kuomintang. On August 26th, Xiong Xiling, the new prime minister, took office, and Duan remained the commander-in-chief of the three armed forces. On February 8, 65438, Duan was ordered by Yuan Shikai to go to Wuchang to "welcome" Vice President Li into Beijing with the word "discuss weight". On the evening of the 9th, Li and dozens of others boarded the bus and headed north accompanied by Li. On February 8, 65438, Yuan Shikai announced that Duan, the chief of staff of the Army, was temporarily appointed as the governor of Hubei. 1 965438+February, 20041day, Yuan Shikai called Duan to work in Beijing and sent Duan as acting governor of Hubei. /kloc-in February of 0/3, he led the Henan viceroy (the former viceroy Zhang was dismissed because of the Blanc uprising) and mobilized troops from Henan, Hubei and Anhui provinces to suppress the Blanc uprising. On April 3, Yuan Shikai recruited Duan to go to Beijing as the governor, and Tian Wenlie was appointed as the governor of Yuzhou. On May 8, Yuan Shikai set up Marshal Lu Haijun's Command Post as the highest military command organ of the government, and took the power of the War Department as his own. The army chief of staff was demoted to office clerk. Duan was very dissatisfied with this and often excused himself at the meeting. His official duties were also handled by Xu Shuzheng, commander of the Second Army. On June 30, Yuan Shikai ordered the establishment of a general office and appointed Duan as General Jianwei to manage the affairs of the general office. 10 year10.8, Wen was awarded the first class merit. 19 15 18 1 October 18, Japan proposed "Twenty-one Articles" to Yuan Shikai,1February, 19, and General Duan and Feng of the province called the Beiyang government and said. On March 19, 2009, Yuan Shikai held a meeting with Japan, and Duan advocated being tough with Japan. On May 2nd, Li, the chief of staff, Duan, the chief of the army and Liu Guanxiong, the chief of the navy, led three departments to the temple to take an oath to show their loyalty to the country. On May 8, the Cabinet discussed Japan's ultimatum to ask Yuan Shikai to sign Article 2 1. Duan held a separate objection and advocated mobilizing the army and taking a tough attitude toward Japan. Yuan Shikai decided to give in and resigned on the 30th, claiming to be ill. On 30th, Yuan Shikai took Wang Shizhen as the chief of the Ministry of War, and made a condolence order on Duan's illness. Duan gave him two months' holiday to live in Xishan. On August 3, because a Japanese newspaper said Duan and Yuan Shikai were going to break up, Duan electrified a rumor and denounced the newspaper for sowing dissension. On August 65438+4, 2004, Duan expressed dissatisfaction with Yuan Shikai's imperial behavior. On August 28th, Yuan Shikai ordered Duan to be officially relieved of his post as army chief of staff. In February 65438+, Yuan Shikai proclaimed himself emperor and was knighted, but Duan did not. 1965438+On March 22nd, 2006, Yuan Shikai was forced to cancel the Hongxian monarchy. In order to fight against the south, he had to ask Duan to come back and appointed Duan as chief of staff on March 23. On April 22, Duan succeeded Xu Shichang as the State Secretary of the City Hall, and on April 23, he served as the Chief of the Army, without the Chief of Staff. On May 8, the government affairs hall was abolished, the State Council and the name of the Prime Minister were restored, the responsibility cabinet system was implemented, and Duan was appointed as the Prime Minister. However, Yuan is not at ease with Duan. Instead of following Duan's advice, he secretly asked Liang Shiyi to check his elbow, which deepened Duan's resentment and made him indifferent to the changes in the military and political situation at that time. On May 12, Duan ordered China Bank and Bank of Communications to stop paying cash, which made people more dissatisfied with the RMB. On June 6, Yuan Shikai died of illness, and on July 7, Li succeeded the president, which was Duan's "second creation of * * * and".
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Debate between the government and the court
duan qirui
On June 22, Duan electrified and opposed the restoration of the Constitution of People's Republic of China (PRC), still taking the Constitution of People's Republic of China (PRC) as the governance standard. On June 23, Yuan Shikai was publicly sacrificed, and Duan represented the Beiyang government as the main sacrifice. On June 29, the "Secretary of State" was abolished, Duan was re-appointed as Prime Minister and Chief of Staff of the Army, and the responsible cabinet was organized, and the forces of Anhui were gradually formed. In August of 2 1 year, Duan was appointed as the prime minister and chief of staff of the army, and he mastered the real power of the Beijing government, but Duan acted arbitrarily and became a "court battle." On June 10, 10, the first-class Bao Guangjia was awarded. 165438+1October 8, Duan fell out with Li because of the contradiction between Sun and Xu Shuzheng, so he could not work in the State Council, and Xu Shichang went to Beijing to reconcile. 165438+1On October 20th, Li was dismissed as the chief grandson of the internal affairs department. 12 On February 24th, Duan personally held secret talks with representatives of the Japanese Prime Minister to discuss the issue of "Sino-Japanese goodwill". 1965438+February 2007 16, paragraph strongly urged to join the allied forces, and Li expressed opposition. Because of the fierce conflict between the government and the imperial court on the issue of declaring war on Germany, Duan manipulated the overseers to intimidate the anti-war forces. On March 4th, Duan and all State Councillors held a meeting in the Presidential Palace to discuss the issue of Germany, that is, asked President Lee to send a special envoy to the Allies to ask the host government about the conditions of breaking diplomatic relations with Germany. As soon as Congress agreed to break diplomatic relations with Lebanon, Duan went to Tianjin angrily. On the 5th, Li sent Feng and Tang Hualong to stay, and then returned to Beijing on the 6th. On the 9th, he presided over the case of breaking diplomatic relations with Germany. On May 10, the House of Representatives opened a committee of the whole house to examine the case of declaring war on Germany. Duan sent a petition group to surround the hospital (commanded by Jin and Fu), and forced the case through on the same day, beating opposition members, which made people lose face. The House of Representatives immediately changed its meeting, invited Duan to attend, and civic groups began to disperse. On June 19, the House of Representatives decided to postpone the discussion. On the 20th, Duan wrote to the overseers to dissolve the National Assembly and decided not to retreat or approve it. The contradiction is irreconcilable. On the 20th of 2 1 year, Li sued the overseers and demanded the dissolution of the National Assembly, but only Duan resigned.