The production of lanterns in the past dynasties in China was very particular and varied. For example, Tang Yin, a painter in the Ming Dynasty, said in a poem: "Light without moon is not spring. Spring comes to people's hearts, and the lights burn like silver in the next month. The streets are full of women dressed in pearls and green. They are singing and playing games with the gods. How can we get rid of this good time until Fang Zun smiles? "
During the reign of Yang Di in Sui Dynasty, the Lantern Festival was full of fun and stayed up all night, and lanterns gradually developed into an important activity of the Lantern Festival. Lantern Festival Lantern Festival The Tang Dynasty ruled the world because of social prosperity and economic prosperity. Lantern Festival is even more splendid, and the scale of activities is quite large. The crowds watching the lights were crowded, from princes and nobles to hawkers and pawns, all went out to enjoy the lights.
During the reign of Xuanzong, the prohibition of the Western Han Dynasty continued. Chang 'an, the capital of Beijing, even canceled the three-night curfew before and after the Lantern Festival, and expanded the implementation of "night release" to facilitate people to enjoy the lanterns. After the Tang Dynasty, lanterns became an important symbol of the Lantern Festival. Although the national strength of the Song Dynasty was weak, this culture was vigorously promoted by the royal family, making the Song Dynasty another important historical stage in the development of lanterns.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the upsurge of enjoying lanterns continued unabated, and there was even a lantern market selling lanterns of various styles. It has been more than 2,000 years since China people competed to display lanterns at the Lantern Festival. There are many kinds of lanterns all over the country, with different styles and advantages. Taiwan Province Provincial Lantern, commonly known as "Drum Lantern", is named after its early production, which looks like gongs and drums. Popular types are lanterns, dice lanterns, round lanterns and knife lanterns.
Because the Minnan dialect "Deng" and "Ding" are homonyms, it is generally believed that it is a good sign for wealthy families to make noise with lanterns. In the custom of Taiwan Province Province, women shuttle under the lights during the Lantern Festival and pray for a son (male) and a child in the coming year; In the Hakka village of Taozhu Temple in northern Taiwan Province Province, people hang lanterns in the temple from the 11th day of the first lunar month, which is called "lighting". The homophonic word "Sheng" is one of the ceremonies for new male students to join the clan, which has far-reaching implications.
2. Historical dramas (scripts) related to the Ming and Qing Dynasties [studios]. Ma, general manager of Fengde Bank. dance
On the other side of the platform is a towering embroidered building.
Although it is near beginning of autumn, the weather is still very hot and the trees are not flourishing.
The cicada sings tirelessly.
Ma Han Hong, wearing a white silk robe, stood at home with his hands behind his back.
In front of the training screen, a beam of sunlight shines through the carved window lattice.
Shoot at him, like a plastic screaming in the sky.
For example.
[The whole family recites family precepts: Heaven and earth are strangers, and one person should be a stranger.
There is a person's business; Do it every day while you are alive.
Daily diligence. Diligence, dedication, prudence and integrity. list
This voice echoes the cicada's Qiu Ge.
[Zhao is very anxious, with a telegram in his hand, walking towards the old horse.
Signal. Ma Yong took the telegram and walked to the horse.
The crowd looked at each other and their voices faded away. Mahonghantu
However, with the fan, the sound of reading returned to normal. roll
Go down. After reading the family instructions, everyone quietly stepped down.
[Zhao and the housekeeper came forward to send a telegram.
General manager Zhao ...
Master Ma, telegram ...
Ma Han Hong, read!
Zhao called Shenyang, and the situation was turbulent, which affected the ticket number and was in urgent need.
Cash to save the market! Xuzhou called, and I have several tickets in Fengde.
No, the bank is exhausted and unable to support it. Hankou called,
The financial storm, surging. The customer called from Guangzhou.
Diaspora, the door is cold! A call from Shanghai, western-style silver
Well, it's irresistible. Where to go? Time waits for no one! Ma Han Hong (turning around slowly) laments that he is rich and proud of the world.
3. What are the sources of the word "lamp" in the history of lamps?
When did the words "lamp" and "lamp" originate? Before the Warring States period, there was no real thing called "lamp". In Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Shang Dynasty, there were no words such as lights and candles. The "candle" that appeared in people's daily life in the Western Zhou Dynasty should be the earliest record of lighting appliances.
The "candle" in the Western Zhou Dynasty should be a kind of torch made of flammable materials, commonly known as unlit torches? , so you can hug? , used to hold the torches that have been lit, called candles; Piles of fine grass and branches placed on the ground for lighting are called Liao; Candles placed outside the door are called big candles, and those placed inside the door are called palace candles.
The earliest existing lamp in China is from the Warring States Period, which was published in The Songs of the South? It is recorded in Evocation that the name stirrup appeared in the Warring States Period. In the Zhou Dynasty, "stirrup" and "Deng" were universal, "Er Ya? Interpretation: "cajanus cajan is a bean, bamboo bean is a bean, and tile bean is a board." Xu Xuan said, "Don't be a lamp today. No, it's not. Jin Guo Pu Yun: A ritual vessel. The ancients called stirrup a lamp, which should be an excuse for the meaning of this word.
Development history of lamps and lanterns
the Spring and Autumn Period
"Fire" is the main tool for human ancestors to resist wild animals, and lamps are also developed because of "fire". According to the earliest records in ancient books. The appearance of lamps and lanterns and the warring states period. At that time, the structure of lamps was relatively perfect and the shape was beautiful. It can be seen that before it, the invention and evolution of the lamp has been quite a long time, but the process description has been lost.
Jade hook moire lamp
During the Warring States period, lanterns were mostly made of metal or clay, and the jade lantern was the only one, which was a masterpiece. Jade lanterns are made of sapphire from Hotan, Xinjiang, with brown immersion marks in some areas. The lamp consists of three parts: a plate, a handle and a seat, which are carved with three pieces of jade and glued together. The upper lamp plate is round and shallow, and the center of the plate is raised with five petals. The handle in the middle is cylindrical, decorated with raised trefoil relief, with waist in the middle and moire under the waist. The cover of the lamp holder is decorated with five petals of persimmon and hook moire, and the soles of the feet are also decorated with hook moire.
Humanoid copper lamp and spoon
This lamp was unearthed in 1957 Gebu Village, Zhucheng, Shandong Province. Its height is 2 1.3 cm and its diameter is 1 1.5 cm. The whole looks like a man in a short coat with lights in his hands. This person holds a curved bamboo-shaped vegetable handle in each hand, and the sub-tenon under the vegetable is inserted into the vegetable handle, which can be disassembled at will as needed, and the structure is exquisite. The human foot is a curved panlong plate. When unearthed, it was equipped with a long-handled copper spoon for oiling. This bronze lamp is ingenious in design and novel in shape. Experts believe that it should be used by the court of Qi State during the Warring States Period.
During the Warring States period, the lamps were mainly bronze, and most of them were aristocratic practical devices. Ceramic lamps are often regarded as pottery beans because they are no different from traditional pottery beans, so they are not classified as lamps. This kind of lamp is used by the lower class, and the jade lamp is a practical appliance used by the upper class. Lamps Modeling in Warring States Period
Except for a few multi-branch lamps, they can be roughly divided into two categories: statue lamps and imitation household lamps. Multi-branch lamp (also called tree lamp) is a rare kind of lamp. The most representative is fifteen lamps, which are shaped like a lush tree and support fifteen lamps. The lamps are strewn at random, decorated with Youlong, songbirds and monkeys. The figurine lamp is the most representative of bronze lamps in the Warring States period. The figurines of these lanterns are men and women, mostly lowly locals. The way to hold the lamp is to stand with open arms and hold the lamp above your head; Some people lie on their backs, their hands stretched out and their lights held in front. A Terracotta Warriors and Horses arrived in Three Lamps District. There are two kinds of lamp discs: ring groove shape and disc shape. The former has three supports, and the latter is mostly one support. The imitation of household lamps is basically the evolution of some daily necessities, mainly imitating common utensils such as beans, ding and reeds. Most of them are bean-shaped pottery lamps, but there are also some bronze lamps that imitate Ding and Reed.
The lamps cast in the Qin dynasty are also extremely gorgeous. Goose's foot lamp, shaped like a goose's leg, holds a circular lamp plate with three lamp posts on it, which can light three candles at the same time.
People ride camel lights.
Camel lamp is not only a practical bronze lighting appliance, but also an exquisite handicraft. On a rectangular flat-bottomed seat stood a two-humped camel with its head held high and its tail hanging down. A man sat on the camel, his feet behind him, and his hands firmly grasped the lamp post of a round lamp plate. The whole bronze sculpture is beautifully made, and the images of people and camels are mainly curved, with vivid expression as the purpose and no attention to details. On the whole, the base, camel, figure, lamp post and lamp plate are integrated, and the person on the hunchback is as light as a canopy, and its center of gravity design is extremely scientific and reasonable. The appearance of camel in this sculpture provides valuable information for studying the cultural exchange between Chu and northern minorities.
4. The history of electric lights Before the appearance of electric lights, kerosene lamps or gas lamps were widely used as lighting tools. Because this kind of lamp burns kerosene or gas, the black smoke is very thick, the smell is pungent, and it is inconvenient to add fuel, so the lampshade is often scrubbed. More importantly, this kind of lamp is easy to cause fire, which will lead to great disaster. For many years, many scientists have tried their best to invent a safe and convenient electric light.
/kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, a British chemist made the world's first arc lamp with 2000 batteries and two carbon rods. But this kind of lamp is too strong and can only be installed in streets or squares, which is not used by ordinary families. Numerous scientists have racked their brains to make a cheap and durable household electric light.
This day has finally arrived. 1879101October 2 1 day, an American inventor finally lit the world's first electric lamp with practical value after long-term repeated experiments. Since then, the inventor's name, like the electric light he invented, has entered thousands of households. He is Edison, who is praised as "the king of invention" by later generations.
1847 In February, Edison was born in Milan, Ohio, USA. He has only studied in school for three months in his life, but he is studious and diligent in thinking. His invention has created many achievements 1000, such as electric light, phonograph and movie camera, and made great contributions to mankind.
When Edison 12 years old, he was addicted to scientific experiments. After his tireless self-study and experiments, at the age of 16, he invented an automatic telegraph that sends signals every hour. Later, the automatic counting machine, the first practical typewriter, double and quadruple telegrams, automatic telephones and phonographs were invented one after another. Edison was not satisfied with these inventions. 1in September, 878, Edison decided to attack the fortress of electric lighting. He read a lot of books about electric lighting and made up his mind to make cheap, durable, safe and convenient electric lights.
He started the experiment with an incandescent lamp. Put a small piece of heat-resistant thing in a glass bubble, and when the current burns it to a white-hot level, it will give off heat and glow. His first thought was charcoal, so he put a small piece of charcoal wire into a glass bubble, and the glass bubble broke as soon as it was electrified.