Material: The world was peaceful, and Emperor Gaozu ordered Jia people not to travel in clothes and silks, which made it difficult to pay heavy taxes. Filial piety, old age ... children of ordinary people are not allowed to be officials.
-Historical records
Miscellaneous people in industry and commerce pretend to be superior (peers) ... they can only give money generously, but they must not go beyond the official rank, stand side by side with virtuous people and eat together.
-Old Tang Books
In ancient times, the government and the people were one family, and the rural business was also a family business ... commerce was based on agriculture, and agriculture relied on commerce to seek complementarity, instead of treating each other with illness, which was good for the law and the country. -(Song): Longchuan Collection
Scholar Jpua is a scholar and businessman Jpua is a businessman. Yan's family used to be a mixture of scholars and businessmen, and (Yan) Shun Gong was also a man with two jobs. However, in order to follow the public, I should concentrate on business instead of learning for future generations. Cover this world, the base of scholars is also very embarrassing!
-(Qing) Gui Gongxuan: "Guizhuang Collection"
On the changes of social status of ancient businessmen in China. (12)
(Analysis) This topic is based on the changes in the social status of businessmen. It examines the influence of students on society through the change of social status from business inhibition to "business-oriented". To objectively and fairly evaluate the social status of businessmen and the policy of "emphasizing agriculture and restraining business", we must persist in developing productive forces. This topic is an open topic, so we should pay attention to correct viewpoints, fluent words and strict logic. (Comment on the topic, first describe and then comment)
Scoring standard: this is an open question, which is graded item by item. Sub-items: opinions, arguments and statements.
Category I: 1 1- 12 points. Requirements: correct viewpoints, combination of history and theory, and full use of the given materials; The change of the status of ancient businessmen and its reasons are described in detail and evaluated as a whole. The words are fluent and the logic is rigorous.
Grade two: 7- 10. Requirements: the viewpoint is correct, and the problem can be basically explained by materials; The change of the status of ancient businessmen and its reasons are relatively complete; The words are fluent and logical.
Grade three: 4-6 points. Requirements: the viewpoint is basically correct, and the materials and viewpoints can be combined; Explain the changes in the status of ancient businessmen and their reasons; Express more clearly.
Fourth grade: 0-3 points. Requirements: Give points as appropriate according to the requirements of this question.
Model essay: (The answer is for reference only)
The first part: Discuss the change of identity respectively.
In the Han dynasty, the economic and political status of businessmen was strictly restricted.
By the Tang Dynasty, the economic status of businessmen had improved, but their political status was low.
In the Song Dynasty, agriculture and commerce paid equal attention to each other, and their status was improved.
In the Qing Dynasty, the social status of businessmen even surpassed that of scholars, and society attached importance to businessmen.
The second part: The reasons of identity change are discussed respectively.
In the early Han Dynasty, the economy was ruined, in order to restore and develop agriculture. Strictly implement the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business.
The commodity economy developed and prospered in the Tang Dynasty, and the government implemented an enlightened policy (since the middle Tang Dynasty, the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce has been relaxed)
The commodity economy further prospered in the Song Dynasty.
With the further development of commodity economy in Qing dynasty, capitalism sprouted, money worship and the social atmosphere of chasing profits.
(Note: The above two parts can be written one by one in the order of dynasties, which is more clear and difficult to lose points. )
Part III: Overall evaluation.
The improvement of businessmen's social status is the inevitable result of the development of productive forces and commodity economy.
The policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business is against the objective law of economic development. Although it played a positive role in the early feudal society, it was not conducive to social and economic development in the long run. Therefore, it is most beneficial for social development to pay equal attention to agriculture, industry and commerce, and all social strata live in harmony.
It is not a normal social phenomenon that merchants in Qing Dynasty are superior to literati.
2.(20 1 1 National New Curriculum Volume 4 1) (12) Read the material and answer the questions.
Material: The rise of the West was once considered as one of the most fascinating courses in world history. This process began with the emergence of democracy and philosophy in ancient Greece and Rome, followed by the monarchy and chivalry in medieval Europe, and finally ended with the military, economic and political control of western Europe and North America over the world after the Renaissance and the era of great navigation. People in Africa, Latin America and Asia will only be mentioned when they are explored or colonized by Europe. Their history begins with contacting and conquering Europe.
However, in recent ten years, some historians have put forward a subversive understanding of the above generalization. They believe that around 1500, countries in Asia and the Middle East were the leaders of the world economy, science and technology, navigation, trade and exploration, when Europe had just stepped out of the Middle Ages and entered the Renaissance. These historians believe that Europe at that time was far behind many civilizations in other parts of the world, and it was not until 1800 that it caught up with and surpassed those leading Asian countries. Therefore, the rise of the west occurred in a relatively recent period, which is largely due to the achievements of other civilizations, not just what happened in Europe.
From Jack Godsey Tong's Why Europe? -The Rise of the West from the Perspective of World History (1500 ~ 1850) "
Comments on the views on the rise of the west in the materials. (12)
(Requirements: Comment on one or two points in the materials; Clear point of view, combining history with theory. )
Grading standard: (the opinions are in the materials, or your judgment on the opinions of the materials and historical facts are all in the textbooks)
First-class (12 ~ 10) ① Close to the object of comment, with clear views; 2. Reasonably quote historical facts and comment from multiple angles; (3) The arguments are sufficient, the logic is strict, and the statement is clear.
Second-class (9 ~ 5 points) ① can be combined with the object of comment and have a clear point of view; (2) Citing historical facts, the angle of comment is single; (3) The arguments are complete and clearly stated.
Third-class (4 ~ 0 points) ① deviates from the object of comment, and the viewpoint is not clear; ② No historical facts are cited; The argument is not convincing. The expression is not clear.
Fan Wenyi: (The answer is for reference only)
Viewpoint: I think the rise of the west is the result of the historical development of the west. Africa, Latin America and Asia have all been conquered by western civilization.
Historical facts:
The beginning of the rise of the west is the opening of new routes and the rise of capitalism. Thought: After the Renaissance, the Religious Reform and the Enlightenment, bourgeois humanism and rationalism became the core of thought, and the democratic scientific thought gradually took root in people's hearts. Politics: Establish a capitalist system worldwide through bourgeois revolution and reform movement. Economy: The industrial revolution greatly improved the level of productive forces and promoted the initial formation of the capitalist world market through colonial expansion (diplomacy). So the rise of the west is the result of the development of western history.
When the West rose, Asian, African and Latin American countries were relatively backward. For example, the Ming and Qing Dynasties in China were the period when feudal society turned from prosperity to decline. Although capitalism is in its infancy, its development is slow, which is hindered by the following factors: political absolutism reaches its peak; Economically self-sufficient small-scale peasant economy is dominant; Diplomatic closed-door policy; Stereotyped thinking greatly restricts people's thinking and creativity. So Asia, Africa and Latin America were colonized, invaded and forced to be involved in the capitalist world market. So Asia, Africa and Latin America were conquered by western civilization.
Fan Wener: (The answer is for reference only)
Viewpoint: I think the rise of the West is mainly the result of the historical development of the West, but it is also influenced by the achievements of other civilizations.
Historical facts:
The beginning of the rise of the west is the opening of new routes and the rise of capitalism. After the Renaissance, the Religious Reform and the Enlightenment, bourgeois humanism and rationalism became the core of thought, and democratic scientific thought gradually took root in people's hearts. Through the bourgeois revolution and reform movement, the capitalist system was established worldwide. The industrial revolution greatly improved the level of productive forces and promoted the initial formation of the capitalist world market through colonial expansion. So the rise of the west is the result of the development of western history.
China's ancient civilization has been ahead of the world for a long time and exerted great influence on the West. For example:
Economically, China's ancient farming economy was developed, and its comprehensive national strength was always ahead of the world before the early Qing Dynasty.
Politically, ancient centralization influenced Europe, especially the system of selecting officials in imperial examinations influenced the modern western civil service system.
Science and technology: four great inventions of ancient china spread to Europe and opened up a new route to the West. The Renaissance and the Religious Reform created conditions for the western bourgeoisie to defeat feudal forces and promoted the development of European capitalism and the decline of feudal system.
Trade: China's ancient Silk Road connected Europe and China, and Zheng He's voyages to the West all promoted the development of foreign trade. China is the center of world trade, spreading China's advanced technology and civilization.
(Note: If you only answer the West or China, the highest score is half a point. Western historical facts and China historical facts must have at least three angles, that is, six historical facts, in order to get full marks. Deduct 2 points for missing a corner. If there is only one point of view plus a historical fact, you can only get a third-class article)
3.( 13)
The modern reconstruction of traditional economic and social structure is often accompanied by confusion and pain. Historian Chen Xulu believes that in this process, "besides the pain caused by the gradual disintegration of the old mode of production, there should also be vitality and vitality of the new mode of production. If we are loyal to historical materialism, we have to admit that the theme of history should be the latter rather than the former. " Read the following materials:
Material 1 There is an old lady in her seventies in our village. She spins cotton every day, spinning a few ounces of cotton yarn every day. She seldom stops. At night, we heard the sound of her spinning wheel shaking. Once, she said to us, "When I was young, I earned a lot of interest (income) from spinning and weaving. Now the yarn and cloth produced in the factory are fine and good, and the price is cheap. There are also yarn and cloth shipped from abroad, which can be sold in big towns and villages. My interest rate is far worse than before. " As she spoke, she shook the spinning wheel.
-Ye Shengtao's Enlightened Mandarin Textbook (first edition 1932)
Material 2 My hometown Yuyao is not far from Ningbo. ..... Ordinary people can now adapt to emerging industries ... Any change is always as painful as childbirth, but after childbirth, the mother immediately returned to normal, and she was complacent about having another baby. ..... Women have stopped spinning and weaving, because foreign fabrics are good and cheap. They have nothing to do, some quarrel with their neighbors to pass the time, and some go to chant Buddhist scriptures and worship bodhisattva. ..... Some girls are selling textile hairnets and mesh napkins to America, and they are doing very well.
-Jiang Menglin's China in the Modern World in the Early Years of the Republic of China.
Material 3 In the old society, women made weaving, warp and weft, all by themselves. Homemade yarn is very popular, but things like ginning, bouncing and spinning are forgotten. ..... This is not the same as in the past, life is missing a skill. ..... women workers can spin. Nowadays, foreign yarns, foreign fabrics and domestic fabrics are popular, and the sales volume has decreased. Many of them have moved to Shanghai and entered foreign cotton mills to become female workers. Although life is much more, customs are not without depravity.
-Fang Hung-chien, Huang Yanpei and others compiled "Chuansha County Records" (26 th edition of the Republic of China)
(3) Using the above materials and combining with the knowledge learned, demonstrate the views put forward by Mr. Chen Xulu. (6 points)
(requirements: accurately understand the point of view; Combining history with theory; Strict logic; Express clearly; About 200 words. )
Model essay: (The answer is for reference only)
Opinion: I think the author's opinion is correct. Although the disintegration of the old mode of production has caused suffering, the main theme of history is the vitality and vitality of the new mode of production. (2 points, we should unify the two-point theory with the key theory. )
Historical facts: The sufferings caused by the disintegration of the old mode of production: Since the Opium War, the self-sufficient small-scale peasant economy in China has gradually disintegrated, and farmers and craftsmen have gone bankrupt (their income has decreased), and they have no way to make a living and have nothing to do, which has brought profound disasters to the people of China. (Any two points can get 2 points)
New modes of production (productivity and relations of production) broke ground, such as the Westernization Movement, which marked the beginning of China's industrialization (machine production). The disintegration of self-sufficient natural economy is objectively beneficial to the emergence of China's national capitalist economy. (The productivity is 1 and the production relationship is 1)
4. Dong Zhongshu was called a "pure Confucian" in the past dynasties, a famous scholar in the late Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xin, called Dong Zhongshu a "Confucian religious master", and Ban Gu in the Eastern Han Dynasty called Dong Zhongshu a "Confucian Sect". The Apocalypse of the Han Dynasty forged Confucius' words: "Dong Zhongshu messed up my book." Talk about your views on the above evaluation of Dong Zhongshu's thoughts.
It requires a clear point of view and a combination of history and theory. (12)
Reference answer (1): logic 1.
Viewpoint 1: Dong Zhongshu is an important representative of Confucianism, inheriting and developing Confucianism. 2 points
Historical fact: 9 points
1. Dong Zhongshu's thought of great unification comes from The Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ram and Confucius' political view.
2. The measures taken by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to establish the orthodox position of Confucianism were to oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone.
3. He proposed that kings must conform to the heaven and practice benevolent policies, otherwise they would be condemned and deterred by disasters, and inherited Confucius and Mencius' idea of "benevolent policies".
4. Dong Zhongshu advocated the rule of virtue by monarch, and inherited Confucius' thought of rule of virtue. He believed that benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith were the moral standards of interpersonal relationships and inherited Confucius' thought of benevolence and righteousness.
Reference answer (2): Logic 1,
Viewpoint: I don't think Dong Zhongshu is a representative of Confucianism. He absorbs various ideas more.
To oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone is only to consolidate the needs of centralization and unity. 2 points
Historical fact: 9 points
1. Strengthen the centralization of absolute monarchy and absorb the thoughts of legalist Han Feizi.
2, or reform Confucianism under the guise of yin and yang and five elements. Heaven and man are connected, the monarch is endowed by God, and disasters are different from heaven.
3. Dong Zhongshu absorbed legalists to take punishment as the virtue, took law as the key link, and attached importance to the role of criminal law. In fact, his thought was embodied in Confucianism outside and law inside.
4. According to the Spring and Autumn Period of Ram, integrate the thoughts of Huang Lao and Yin Yang Jia.
Reference answer (3): Logic 1.
Viewpoint 3: I think Dong Zhongshu is a representative figure of Confucianism, but he absorbed the thoughts of Yin and Yang, Huang Lao and Legalism and formed an ideological system. 2 points
Historical facts: (combination of viewpoint 1 and viewpoint 2) 9 points.