In more detail, if you are not writing a paper, just pick a topic and answer it. (1) land policy 1. Encourage reclamation. Since the first year of Shunzhi, the Qing government has taken calling for exile and encouraging reclamation as a major event. First, the reclamation is declared to be owned by the government, and the government issues a seal license to clarify property rights and protect the land ownership of reclamation. In April of the sixth year of Shunzhi, it was clearly announced that "there is no wasteland, and the state and county officials have given confirmation that the land will be cultivated forever." There is a main wasteland for the original owner to reclaim, and the official gives cattle and seeds. Later, a supplementary provision was made: "If there is a main wasteland, the original owner can't reclaim it. The local official will recruit another person to cultivate it, seal it and take over the business forever. The original owner can't fight in vain." In the fourteenth year of Shunzhi, he announced that he would change "undertaking business forever" to "doing his own thing forever". In the twenty-second year of Kangxi, it was stipulated that "wasteland should be abandoned": "Those whose land has not been cultivated for several years should be abandoned. If you are cultivated in the future, you are not allowed to ask the original owner again. " Second, relax the wasteland exemption period. Regarding the exemption from reclamation, in August of the first year of Shunzhi, it was announced that "three years of land reclamation". The following year, wasteland was divided into three categories: newly reclaimed land was rent-free for one year; "Wilderness, three years later. Give a year to the field that is cooked and abandoned. " After six years of Shunzhi, it was changed to "six years of ploughing, and a company official personally checked the number of cooked acres, caressed and verified, and asked for instructions before negotiating to collect money and food. Six years ago, taxes were not allowed and officials were not allowed. " During the reign of Kangxi, this policy was constantly adjusted, allowing it to be extended for another year after three years, up to six, ten or even fifteen years. Third, the government subsidizes cattle and seeds. In order to ensure the progress of reclamation, the local government will subsidize farmers who have difficulties in reclamation in terms of cattle, seeds and rations. The way of funding is to borrow money, or borrow it in spring and pay it back in autumn, or pay it back in stages, and pay it back in half the next year and in three years. Fourth, the amount of reclamation is a condition for evaluating officials. In the sixth year of Shunzhi, it was put forward: "Every state and county takes the amount of recruiting people to persuade farming as its advantages and disadvantages, and the government takes the diligence and laziness of urging supervisors as its priority. Massage is done separately at the end of each year. Load the test. Fourteen years of specific provisions: "the governor shall record those who cultivate more than 2000 hectares in one year;" An area of more than 6000 hectares will be upgraded by one level. If the reclamation area of Daofu reaches 1000 hectares or more, record it; More than two thousand hectares, plus one level. If the state or county reclaims more than 100 hectares, it shall be recorded; More than 300 hectares, plus one level. Health officials have cultivated more than 50 hectares and recorded them; 100 hectares above the upgrade level. Civil and military squires who cultivate more than 50 hectares of land will be recorded by the incumbents, and those who serve as officials will be awarded plaques and medals. "

2. Reclaim farmland. In the Qing dynasty, the old methods of civilians and military camps in the Ming dynasty were copied. In August of the first year of Shunzhi, a land reclamation order was made, "All the unclaimed wasteland in the county will be distributed to the refugees and officials." The government has set up a special agency to take charge of reclamation, and each province has set up a Tundao Hall, with one Tundao member and two Tongzhi members in the county. "Specializing in reclamation, supervising reclamation, and sending empires to patrol wasteland everywhere. Each state and county also formulated implementation rules according to the local actual situation at that time. Zhili stipulates: "Those who work with officials to plow cattle get one-third of the seeds; The people have one or two in those years and one in three years. Shaanxi xi' an and Fengxiang governments stipulate that the villagers should "give cattle five taels of silver per hectare, seven acres per mu, and add one point of silver." There are four workers per hectare, giving eight cents to the silver, all of which are used to support the library. "Barracks are places where troops are organized to cultivate land. Shunzhi implements a three-year military camp management system, "setting up a garrison and taking charge of wasteland." It is also determined that there will be 1,000 generals and 100 generals, and the defense will be separated. Change the guards to Tunding. "In six years, I also made a case of renting farmland in a health clinic. Fruit tree vegetable field 1 bucket per mu of reed field, 6 liters of wheat field and 4 liters of miscellaneous grains. According to records, during the ten years of Shunzhi, Shaanxi Juntun and Yulin harvested 4 buckets and 5 liters of Miyi 1580 stone, and Jingbian Road harvested 6 buckets of Miyi 254 stone. In the four provinces of Weitun, Wu, Yue and Chang in Hunan Province, 4,230 stones, 4 buckets and 5 liters were collected.

3. Machine shell. This is a policy to meet the requirements of Manchu nobles and officers and men of the Eight Banners. With the entry of Qing Dynasty, Manchu nobles, officials, officers and men of Manchu, Mongolian and Han Eight Banners and slaves also poured into Beijing. These officers and men of the Eight Banners enjoy the preferential treatment of "planning land grant" before entering the customs. After entering the customs, he even claimed to be the winner, demanding land and becoming a nouveau riche. Based on this situation, the Qing government ordered in December of the first year of Shunzhi: "A large number of landless people lived in counties and counties near Gyeonggi, as well as relatives of the Ming Dynasty, such as palaces and eunuchs, who died in chaos. ..... all the way to kings, ministers, soldiers, etc. " . Then in September of the second year of Shunzhi, in the first month of the fourth year, he was ordered to occupy land. The enclosure area was initially limited to 300 miles near Beijing. Later, it gradually expanded. "If it is less than three hundred miles, it will be as far as five hundred miles. Even Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Sichuan and other places. The way of enclosure is that the housing department and the department will send full officials to various places to attract Jia Ding and others to the village. " We will spend a lot of time on each other, take a rope to remember before and after the two rides, and summarize around. There are hundreds of days in each lap. "According to incomplete statistics, by the fifth year of Kangxi, it occupied a total of 166838 hectares, and the provincial flags accounted for 60,000 hectares, totaling 226,838 hectares, accounting for 1/23 of the total cultivated land area in China at that time. Among them, the original land in yutian county, Hebei Province is 52 16, covering an area of 88 mu. Two years after Shunzhi, the company was granted the right to cultivate grain and minerals, leaving only 6 17 hectares of private land, accounting for 88% of the county's cultivated land. Xiongxian has more than 4,400 hectares of private land, accounting for 35 16 hectares of flag land in the early Qing Dynasty, accounting for 70% of the county's cultivated land area. These fenced lands were distributed to Manchu nobles and officers and men of the Eight Banners, who established granges and used slaves and serfs for production. In order to ensure the labor force of the Eight Banners aristocratic grange, the Qing government implemented the charging law and the escape law. The charging method not only allows the Eight Banners nobles to "charge the poor for their services". Even forcing people to charge, "those who are unwilling to use words to intimidate or threaten with power, as well as various craftsmen, will do their best to squeeze the rope and ensure the charge." "The fugitive rule is a law that punishes fugitives accused by companies. After three years of Shunzhi, it was stipulated that those who fled for the first time would be flogged with tattoos and returned to their original owners. Three fugitives were executed. Hermit is Buddhism, but there is no family record. Neighbors, nine feet long and each with a hundred whips, moved to remote areas. According to Shang Lue, the head of the country, written by Li in the Qing Dynasty, "The case of arrest and escape is confined first. Once there is a place to live, although they are like father and son, they will still be punished as usual after staying overnight, so that Wang and his son will be regarded as enemies. Once they stop, they will be solved immediately." Therefore, punishing a fugitive often involves dozens of people flogging residents. The policy of enclosure and the formulation of the law of charging and escaping in the early Qing Dynasty reflected the barbarity and backwardness of Manchu nobles, which was an important manifestation of their moving against the historical trend. The implementation of this policy aroused the strong resistance of farmers in this area, and also aggravated the contradiction between Manchu and Han bureaucrats and landlords in the Qing dynasty ruling group. To this end, in June of the eighth year of Kangxi, the Qing government decided to abolish the enclosure order and announced that "from then on, the occupation of private premises will be stopped forever. "Those circled this year will be ordered to return." In the twenty-fourth year of Kangxi, he reiterated that he would never be allowed to occupy privately reclaimed land.

4. Realize the renamed field. This is a measure of the land occupied by the captaincy of the Ming Dynasty. In the Ming dynasty, the captaincy occupied a lot of land. After the peasant war in the late Ming Dynasty, many captives were killed or fled, and most of the land occupied was owned by the original people. After Kangxi ascended the throne, he decided to clean up these lands. In October of the seventh year of Kangxi, Fan Ming was ordered to abolish the property of the vassal state and sell it at a different price. After the publication of this policy, it caused dissatisfaction among farmers. To this end, in March of eight years, the Qing government made a decision to "cultivate the original seeds" and levied grain as usual. Turn these lands into private property, "No.1 is renamed as a place and will always be a world industry". According to incomplete statistics, renamed farmland involves eight provinces, including Zhili, Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu and Hubei, with a total land area of 166829 hectares. Among them, Henan and Hubei have the largest number, accounting for more than half of the total number of renamed fields in China. (2) tax policy. After the Qing dynasty entered the customs, in order to win the hearts of the people, it paid great attention to reducing the burden on the people. The main policies and measures implemented in tax service are:

1. Cancel the three-day addition at the end of next year. In July of the first year of Shunzhi, that is, more than two months after the occupation of Beijing, the Qing government announced to the officials, soldiers and people in its Regent's Order that all additional factions, such as Liao Fenglu, suppression of salaries, training and summoning, would be exempted from it since the first year of Shunzhi. In the seventeenth year, the imperial edict said: "During the Apocalypse and Chongzhen years, additional officials were sent to exempt them from punishment ..... If corrupt officials make an exception and send more people to disturb the people privately, the rulers should pay attention to the problems according to the topics." The basic point of this policy is to abolish all kinds of additional factions added in addition to the positive amount in the late Ming Dynasty. 2. Tax relief. There are roughly five kinds of tax reduction and exemption in the early years of Qing Dynasty: one is the tax reduction and exemption for grain cultivated in wasteland. According to the system of Qing Dynasty and Ming Dynasty, the collection of land tax is based on the land figures held by the government. Since the end of the Ming Dynasty, a large area of barren land has appeared in North China and Jiangnan provinces, which will inevitably spread the tax grain from wasteland into cultivated land. At that time, Wei once said: "The grain from the wasteland was not only added to the cultivated land, but also sent to the mu field, and the farmers were deeply trapped. The more barren the land is, the more it is owed. " In view of this situation, in the early Qing Dynasty, states and counties were instructed to distinguish between wasteland and cultivated land, and land tax and grain were exempted. For example, in the eighth year of Shunzhi, the amount of grain cultivated in Shanxi was 15000 hectares, and the amount of grain in Zhili, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi and other places was exempted. The second is to reduce taxes and grain in flood and drought disaster areas. The amount of assistance was determined according to the local disaster at that time. At the beginning of Shunzhi, the disaster was eight to ten, and three tenths were exempted; Five to seven points, free of two points; Four gives away one point. In the seventeenth year of Kangxi, it was changed from six points to one tenth, seven points to two points, and nine points to three points. This kind of exemption from inspection, "several provinces a year, one province for several years." The third is to avoid accumulating debts. Due to various reasons, the taxes and grains of various provinces often cannot be paid in full, resulting in a backlog. In the forty-fifth year of Kangxi, Zhili and Shandong were ordered to waive this year's arrears. At the same time, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other provinces 12, Dingyin 2 120000, and Shiliang 105000 were declared strange and exempted. The fourth is to implement rotation. In view of the improvement of national finance, since the fiftieth year of Kangxi, all provinces in China have been divided into three groups, which are exempted in turn, several provinces a year and once every three years. The fifth is to exempt tenants. In the forty-ninth year of Kangxi, it was announced: "In the following years, landlords will be exempted from seven points and tenants from three points. This is a law." Tenants are exempt from three points, which are deducted from the government rent paid. This exemption was rare in the past. The tax reduction and exemption in the Qing Dynasty was implemented during the reign of Kangxi. According to statistics, during the Kangxi period, "the number of tax deductions before and after, according to the statistics of the Ministry of Housing, has exceeded 100 million. 3. Improve the way of tax collection. Since the Ming Dynasty, household registration books and land books have been lost. Shunzhi changed to Yuan, that is, ordered to prepare for household registration. Editing once every three years, and then editing once every five years. In the third year of Shunzhi, the Ministry of Housing and the local government were instructed to compile the Fu Quan Shu as the basis for collecting taxes. Due to the war, the compilation work encountered difficulties. From 1 1 to 14, Fu Quan Shu was compiled, with two volumes in each county, one for the Ministry and the other for the Xuegong, covering the upper, middle and lower fields in detail. He also compiled a yellow book to record the increase in household registration, and recorded in detail the old management, new income, dismissal and actual number. Both inside and outside each other, sent to the public list, put an end to official fishing and extortion. After Kangxi came to power, on the one hand, he rebuilt Fu Fu Quan Shu, and at the same time, from the point of view of getting rid of the disadvantages of taxation, he stopped publishing Zhi Yi You Dan and changed the two-way serial ticket into three-way printed ticket. It also takes the form of rolling bills, allowing grain farmers to declare themselves and pay in person. Commenting on the method of collecting land tax in Kangxi Dynasty, people said: "Divide the land to relieve the people's strength, roll the tickets to avoid chasing troops, and win the trust of the people by printing the tickets (that is, printing the tickets in triplicate) so as not to satisfy the people because of losing. "

4. Play and sell strictly. In the early years of Qing dynasty, in order to ensure the national fiscal revenue, counties were ordered to pay according to the amount. For the bureaucrats and gentry who owe the state taxes and grain, hell to pay. "Don't ask the big boss, no matter how big or small, the gentry in the country will change their names." Now, if you are an aristocrat, you may go downhill. "For example, four states and one county, such as Shunzhi Dynasty and Songjiang, owe more than fifty-two thousand silver and thirteen thousand gentry. The investigation was carried out in Shandong, Shaanxi, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangdong and other six provinces, which severely cracked down on the atmosphere of bureaucratic gentry defaulting on money and grain, thus ensuring the collection of tax and grain.

(3) Handicraft policy. In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, faced with the reality of the decline of handicrafts, the main policies and measures implemented in handicrafts were:

1. Abolish the craftsman registration system. Artisans in the Ming Dynasty were all included in the Artisans Book, which was called Artisans. They were subordinate to the government, attacked each other from generation to generation, and worked for the country in shifts or in places. This craftsman registration system limits the independent management of craftsmen. In May of the second year of Shunzhi, the Qing government decided to abolish this system, "all provinces are for the people except craftsmen", and the price of craftsmen in Beijing was exempted. Naturally, government-run craftsmen and all kinds of handicraft production needed by the government will implement the employment and recruitment system of replacing value with work. In the thirty-sixth year of Kangxi, especially after the implementation of Tanding into mu, the provinces gradually merged Banjiangyin into farmland or Diding for expropriation. 2. Relax business restrictions. After entering the customs, we should pay attention to restoring the development of handicraft production, and make sure that rival industries generally only levy taxes, do not interfere with production with administrative power, and allow craftsmen to operate freely. After Kangxi ascended the throne, he continued to relax the restrictions on his opponent's industrial operation. In the textile industry, the restriction of "no more than 100 looms" for machine users has been abolished, so that people with strength can do whatever they want, develop production and expand business. In the 19th year of Kangxi, the ceramic industry abolished the rule of "being an official and an official" left over from the Ming Dynasty, and all masons' materials were paid by the work and purchased at the market price. Salt industry, Sichuan well salt in Ming Dynasty, was mostly run by the government, and later it was changed to recruit kitchen households and set up official supervision. People were allowed to mine freely in the early Qing Dynasty. Cooking stoves, digging well salt, and land reclamation are examples. Three years later, science began. Mining was forbidden in the early Qing Dynasty. In the 21st year of Zhao Kang, businessmen were ordered to "mine" copper, lead, tin, silver and iron ore in Yunnan, with a tax of two points for every ten points. Furthermore, it was announced that it was forbidden for tyrants to occupy private caves and not to open official caves, and incentive measures were formulated. Miners pay taxes of 3,000 to 5,000 yuan, and the top belt is given as appropriate.

3. The government-run handicraft industry implements the recruitment system. Jiangnan Jiangning, Hangzhou and Suzhou No.3 Weaving Bureau are government-run textile bases. It turned out that Sanfu's giant room acted as a machine operator and hired a mechanic to produce. In the eighth year of Shunzhi, each weaving bureau purchased raw materials by itself, recruited craftsmen directly from the people, and paid by piece. The wages of Suzhou weaving and layout machinists are calculated on time as follows: ICBC satin yarn machine is one yuan and fifty cents a day, satin flat machine is one yuan and three cents a day, flower pickers are two liang a month, and flower turners are five liang a month. According to the piece, handkerchief silk 1997 is completely folded, and one point is lost every time it is folded twice.