(1) individuals without bacteria and other microorganisms;

② According to practical experience, it is beneficial to use microorganisms to make wine, mix flour, make sauce, make mother vinegar, apply fertilizer, rotate crops and treat diseases.

The initial stage (1676- 186 1 year) Levin hook,

① Observe individuals with bacteria and other microorganisms with a self-made single mirror;

② Describe the morphology of some microorganisms out of personal interest;

Base period (186 1- 1897), Pasteur,

① Microbiology began to be established;

② A unique basic research method of microbiology has been established;

(3) Start to use the thinking method of "practice-theory-practice" to carry out research;

④ Many applied disciplines have been established;

⑤ Enter the golden age of searching for human and animal pathogens.

Development period (1897- 1953), e.btlchner,

① Biochemical study on cell-free yeast "alcoholase";

② Finding the unity of microbial metabolism;

③ General microbiology has begun to take shape;

(4) extensively searching for beneficial metabolites of microorganisms;

⑤ The discovery of penicillin promoted the rapid development of industrial culture technology of microorganisms;

Due (1953 till now) J. Watson and F. Crick,

① Modern research methods are widely used in molecular biology theory to profoundly reveal the laws of various life activities of microorganisms;

② Take genetic engineering as the leading factor to raise the traditional industrial fermentation to a new level of fermentation engineering;

③ A large number of branches of theory, intersection, application and experiment developed rapidly;

④ The basic theory and unique experimental technology of microbiology have promoted the rapid development of life science.

⑤ The study of microbial genome promotes the coming of bioinformatics era.