With the Internet gradually becoming the medium of global communication and transaction, the number of online users in the world has increased exponentially. The characteristics of fast, safe and low cost provide application conditions for the development of e-commerce. The following is the development process of e-commerce that I have compiled for you. Welcome to read and browse.
First, the emergence of e-commerce
E-commerce first appeared in the 1960s, and began to develop on a large scale in the 1990s. The important conditions for its emergence and development mainly include the following aspects.
1, the development of economic globalization
Economic globalization refers to the trend of economic integration in various fields of production, distribution and consumption in all countries of the world. Economic globalization has promoted the development of multinational companies and made international business activities frequent, and international trade has become an important part of the economic development of various countries.
Economic globalization urges people to find suitable ways to meet this kind of business activities, so e-commerce emerges as the times require, and has become an important force in this revolution with its unique advantages, playing an increasingly important role in international business activities.
2. The development, popularization and wide application of computer and network technology.
In the past 30 years, computers have been running faster and faster, their processing power has become stronger and stronger, their prices have become lower and lower, and their applications have become more and more extensive, all of which have provided a foundation for the application of e-commerce.
With the Internet gradually becoming the medium of global communication and transaction, the number of online users in the world has increased exponentially. The characteristics of fast, safe and low cost provide application conditions for the development of e-commerce.
3. Promotion and application of credit cards and electronic finance.
Credit card has become an important means of people's consumption and payment because of its convenience, quickness and safety, and thus a perfect global credit card computer network payment and settlement system has been formed, making it possible to travel around the world with one card and becoming an important means of online payment in e-commerce.
Major banks have also seen the development prospect of e-commerce and launched e-finance services to support online transactions. Under the guarantee of security technology, the development of e-banking has solved the payment problem in business activities and become a powerful driving force for the development of e-commerce.
4. Formulation of electronic security transaction agreement and development of security technology.
1997 On May 3 1, the Secure Electronic Transfer Protocol (SET) jointly designated by VISA of the United States and mastercard international was released, which was recognized and supported by most manufacturers and provided a key security environment for conducting e-commerce activities on the Internet.
The development of computer and network security technology provides technical and security guarantee for the development of e-commerce. These technologies include HTML, XML, database technology, dynamic webpage technology, SSL protocol, SET protocol, encryption technology, firewall technology and digital signature technology.
5. Government support and promotion.
Since 1997, the European Union issued the European Electronic Commerce Agreement, and the United States subsequently issued the Global Electronic Commerce Outline, electronic commerce has attracted the attention of governments all over the world, and many governments have begun to try "online procurement", which has provided strong support for the development of electronic commerce. At the same time, governments all over the world attach great importance to the development of e-commerce, providing a good living environment for the development of e-commerce, and at the same time formulating legal norms and technical standards for e-commerce to ensure the legal conduct and long-term development of e-commerce.
Second, the development of e-commerce.
Global economic integration and the rapid development of information processing technology and modern communication technology have promoted the rapid development of e-commerce. Generally speaking, the development of e-commerce has gone through the following two stages: the EDI-based e-commerce stage from 1960s to 1990s and the Internet-based e-commerce stage after 1990s.
1, electronic commerce based on EDI
From a purely technical point of view, people have used electronic communication for trade activities for decades. As early as the 1960s, people began to send business documents by telegraph. In the 1970s, people generally used convenient and fast fax machines instead of telegrams. However, because fax documents are printed on paper to transmit and manage information, and information cannot be directly transmitted to information systems, people begin to adopt Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) as the application technology of inter-enterprise e-commerce, which is the embryonic form of e-commerce.
EDI appeared in the United States in the late 1960s. When traders use computers to process various business documents, they find that 70% of the data manually input into one computer comes from the files output from another computer. Because of too many human factors, the accuracy of data and the improvement of work efficiency are affected, people begin to try to exchange data automatically on computers between trading partners, which promotes the emergence of EDI.
EDI is an electronic transmission method for transmitting business documents from one computer to another according to recognized standards. Because EDI greatly reduces the role of paper bills, people also call it "paperless trade" or "paperless transaction". From electronic cash registers, POS (Point of Sale Real-time Management System), EOS (Electronic Order System) and MIS (Management Information System) in ordinary shopping malls to cross-country and cross-enterprise EDI, the control and processing of data and information are becoming more and more accurate and effective, and a large number of transactions are becoming more and more standardized.
Technically speaking, EDI includes hardware and software. The hardware is mainly computer network, and the software includes computer software and EDI standard.
In terms of hardware, EDI before 1990' s was mostly realized by renting private network instead of Internet. This private network is called Value Added Network (VAN), and its main purpose is to consider security issues. However, with the increasing security of the Internet, as a system with lower cost, wider coverage and better service, it has shown a trend of replacing VAN as the hardware carrier of EDI, so some people directly call EDI realized through the Internet Internet Internet Internet EDI.
From the aspect of software, the software that EDI needs is mainly to translate the information in the user database system into the standard format of EDI for transmission and exchange. Because enterprises in different industries have stipulated the information format of the database according to their own business characteristics, when it is necessary to send EDI files, the information extracted from the enterprise-specific database must be translated into the standard format of EDI before transmission. At this time, relevant EDI software is needed to help.
2. Internet-based e-commerce
Because of the high use cost of VAN, it is only possible for large enterprises to use it, which limits the expansion of the application scope of e-commerce based on EDI, and the key factor to promote the rapid development of e-commerce is the rapid development of the Internet.
Since the mid-1990s, the Internet has spread rapidly, gradually moving from universities and scientific research institutions to enterprises and ordinary people's families, and its function has also evolved from information sharing to a popular information dissemination tool. Since 199 1, business activities that have been excluded from the Internet have officially entered this kingdom, thus making e-commerce the biggest hot spot in Internet applications.
Internet-based e-commerce activities completely get rid of the time and space constraints of traditional business activities, making the operation and development of business more flexible, real-time and global.
Internet-based e-commerce has developed very rapidly. Compared with EDI-based e-commerce, it has the following advantages:
(1) Low cost: As the Internet is an open network covering the whole world, the cost for anyone to conduct business activities by accessing the Internet is far lower than that of the traditional van.
(2) Wide coverage: Internet covers the whole world, and Internet-based applications can be carried out on a global scale. Users can easily communicate and transmit business information with trading partners by accessing the Internet.
(3) Full-featured: Because the Internet can provide many different applications and rich resources, e-commerce based on the Internet can support different types of users to achieve different levels of business goals, such as establishing business websites, publishing business information, conducting online business negotiations, and establishing virtual shopping malls.
(4) Greater flexibility: Internet-based e-commerce can flexibly provide different services for different customers, such as providing personalized service interfaces for users of different ages and providing different language displays for users of different countries and regions.
Third, the development of e-commerce in China
Since the concept of e-commerce was introduced to China in the 1990s, under the guidance of the China government and the information authorities, the development of e-commerce has gone through three stages:
1, understanding the stage of e-commerce (1990— 1993)
In 1990s, China began to apply EDI in e-commerce. Starting from 1990, the State Planning Commission and the Science and Technology Commission listed EDI as a national key scientific and technological project during the Eighth Five-Year Plan. 1991September, led by the State Council Electronic Information System Promotion and Application Office, together with the State Planning Commission, Science and Technology Commission, Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation and other eight ministries and bureaus, initiated the establishment of "China Coordination Group for Promoting EDI Application". In June 5438+10, the "China EDIFACT Committee" was established and participated in the Asian EDIFACT Council. Our government, commercial enterprises and financial circles realize that e-commerce can make the business transaction process faster, more efficient and lower cost, and affirm that e-commerce is a brand-new business model.
2. Pay extensive attention to the e-commerce stage (1993-1998).
At present, the rapid development of e-commerce in the world has aroused widespread concern from all walks of life, and China has also set off an e-commerce boom. Starting from 1994, some domestic enterprises began to set foot in e-commerce and achieved gratifying results. Electronic commerce systems such as China Commodity Exchange Center (CCEC) and China Commodity Exchange System (CGOS) based on modern information network have also been put into operation. 1995, China Internet began to be commercialized; In June, 1996, China public computer interconnection backbone network (CHINANET) project was completed and opened; China Internet Information Center (CNNIC) was established in June, 1997, and began to operate as a national Internet information center. On March 6th, 1998, the first online e-commerce transaction in China was successful. 1998 10 The State Economic and Trade Commission and the Ministry of Information Industry jointly announced the launch of the "Golden Trade Project", which is a large-scale pilot project to promote network applications and develop e-commerce in the field of economic and trade circulation. Therefore, 1998 is even called "e-commerce" year in China. Governments, enterprises and consumers all realize that the rise of e-commerce faces both opportunities and challenges. How to explore the development model of e-commerce suitable for China's national conditions is a common consideration of the government, businesses and consumers. The development of e-commerce needs the promotion of the government and the active participation of enterprises. First, there is a need for a sound information infrastructure, which the government attaches great importance to. Since the early 1990s, a series of "Golden Projects" such as "Golden Bridge", "Golden Card" and "Golden Gate" have been implemented successively. Second, in order to have safe and reliable safeguard measures, it is necessary to establish necessary laws, regulations and technical standards; Third, we should overcome cultural barriers and raise consumers' awareness of online shopping.
3. E-commerce application development stage (1999 till now)
At this stage, the national information authorities began to study and formulate the relevant policies and regulations for the development of e-commerce in China, started the government online project, established the National Computer Network and Information Security Management Center, and carried out a number of e-commerce demonstration projects, which laid the foundation for the realization of e-commerce between the government and enterprises, provided security for the development of e-commerce, summed up experience in laws and regulations, standards and norms, payment, safety and reliability, information facilities, etc., and gradually popularized and applied them. At the same time, enterprise e-commerce is booming, and Alibaba website was born in March1999; In May of the same year, 8848 website was launched, becoming the most influential B2C website in China that year. In June 2000, China Financial Certification Center (CFCA) was established to provide documentary services for various certification requirements of financial business. In 200 1 year, China officially launched the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" major scientific and technological project-the National Information Security Application Demonstration Project. In 2005, e-commerce broke out with rapid growth vitality. The release of the State Council No.2 Document in early 2005 laid a good foundation for the sustained and rapid growth of e-commerce market in China in 2005. The implementation of "Electronic Signature Law" and the promulgation of "Electronic Payment Guidelines" further escort the development of e-commerce from the legal and policy levels; The rise of the third-party payment platform promotes the popularity of online payment and provides a guarantee for the application of e-commerce; The B2B market continues to develop rapidly, and the application of e-commerce in SMEs has gradually become the main driving force. Although the B2C market is slightly dull, the number of netizens has exceeded 100 million, which has laid a solid user base for the steady growth of B2C business. Due to the opposition between Taobao and Yi Bei, and the entry of Tencent and Dangdang, the C2C market has further intensified the market competition. 2005 is also called "China E-commerce Year".
Expand the operation mode of e-commerce
Enterprise to enterprise
The concept of B2B is mainly aimed at the information integration within enterprises and between enterprises (B) and upstream and downstream third parties (B), as well as business-to-business transactions on the Internet. The integration of supply chain can be realized by combining the upstream and downstream of the industry with manufacturers by using intranet and extranet. Therefore, B2B business model can not only simplify the information circulation cost within enterprises, but also make the transaction process between enterprises faster and reduce the cost loss.
B2B operation
Stage (1)-It is the "supply chain" and "distributor" between automation management enterprises. Through the Internet, it not only saves costs and improves efficiency, but also has the opportunity to develop new markets and exchange business transaction information between enterprises, such as purchase orders, commercial invoices and confirmation notices.
Stage (1)→(2) This data exchange protocol is called Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), and its operation mode is that each field of the spreadsheet corresponds to each part of the written form of commercial transactions, just like all purchase orders and transaction records are recorded in the database.
Stage (3)- Electronic fund transfer, such as automatic fund transfer between banks and their enterprises.
Stage (4)- After all the transportation requirements are processed in the database, the logistics distribution requirements will be automatically completed.
Typical representative: Alibaba
office to customer
concept
B2C refers to enterprises selling products or services to individual consumers through the Internet. Enterprise manufacturers directly push products or services to the Internet, and provide sufficient information and convenient interface to attract consumers to buy. This is also the most common operation mode at present, such as online shopping, online ordering operation of securities companies, and information inquiry operation of general websites. All belong to the operating mode of direct contact with customers. It can be the following four business models:
Portal): For example, Yahoo! Virtual communities: Virtual communities pay attention to customers' needs and have three characteristics-paying attention to buyers and consumers instead of sellers, good trust relationship, innovation and taking risks. Transaction aggregator: e-commerce is buying and selling. Advertising network.
B2C operation
Stage (1)-After users find a specific destination website through the portal, they will receive the product information of the destination community website (or store).
Stage (2)-In the B2C operation mode, users usually hand over their personal data to stores, which will store the user data as the basis for future marketing. When users want to spend money in a store, they will enter order data and payment data.
Stage (3), send your electronic authentication data, order data and payment data to the trading platform of the store, and the store will keep the order information and send the others to the authentication.
The acquiring bank in stage (4) requests authorization and completes authentication. Stage (5)-After the certification is completed, the store sends the materials to the logistics platform and finally completes the logistics distribution.
B2Q
concept
B2Q (Introduction of Quality Control in Enterprise Online Shopping), English: When enterprise online shopping introduces quality control, both parties first sign an intentional transaction contract online. After signing the contract, an impartial third party (inspection, factory inspection and equipment debugging engineer) can be introduced according to the buyer's demand to conduct product quality inspection and after-sales service. [ 1]
C2B
Comparison between B2C and C2B
B2C C2B
Commodity source merchants provide all netizens and small businesses.
Specific or limited diversification of product lines
The product line is deep and diverse.
Cheating is rare and sometimes happens.
The goods are delivered well, but the quality is different.
The product guarantee is good, and the rules need to be improved.
The quality of service is provided by the seller according to the nature of the business.
The C2B model is more revolutionary, which gives the leading power and preemptive right of goods from manufacturers to consumers. The traditional economic concept holds that the higher the demand for a product, the higher the price. However, as long as more consumers buy the same goods, the higher the purchasing efficiency and the lower the price, which is the main feature of C2B. The C2B model emphasizes the use of "demand gatherers" instead of the traditional "gathering suppliers" shopping centers, and is considered as a nearly perfect transaction type.
From consumer to consumer
concept
C2C refers to the interactive trading behavior between consumers, which is changeable. For example, consumers can bid online on a bidding website or auction website, and the highest bidder wins the bid. Or consumers issue notices on online news forums or BBS to sell second-hand goods, or even new products. This transaction completed due to the interaction between consumers is C2C transaction.
At present, bidding auction has become one of the most effective methods to determine the price of rare goods. For antiques, celebrity items and rare stamps, as long as the demand side is greater than the supply side, the auction model can be used to determine the best market price. Because of the comparison between buyers, the price of auction goods has gradually increased. Finally, the buyer who wants to buy the goods most buys the goods at the highest price, while the seller sells the goods at the highest price acceptable to the market. This is the traditional C2C bidding model.
C2C bidding website, the bidding items are diverse and unlimited, and the commodity providers can be children next door or top multinational companies; Commodities can be homemade cakes or original paintings by Picasso. C2C is not limited to the trading of goods and money. In this virtual website, buyers and sellers can choose to barter or exchange goods with human resources. For example, a housewife prepares a banquet service in exchange for a quiet trip by a psychiatrist. This is the charm of participating in online bidding transactions. Website operators are not responsible for logistics, but help to collect market information and establish a credit rating system. When buyers and sellers look at each other and discuss the delivery and payment methods by themselves, everyone can create a surprising transaction.
C2C operation
Stage (1)-The seller registers the goods to be sold on the social server.
Stage (2)- The buyer obtains the second-hand commodity information through the portal server.
Stage (3)-After checking the seller's credibility, the buyer chooses the second-hand goods he wants to buy.
Stage (4)-Data recording is completed through the transaction management platform.
Payment authentication in stage (5) and payment to the seller in stage (6).
Stage (7)-Deliver the goods to the buyer through the logistics distribution mechanism of the website.
O2O
concept
O2O is Online To Offline, which combines offline business opportunities with the Internet, making the Internet the front desk for offline transactions. In this way, offline services can attract customers online, consumers can screen services online, and transactions can be settled online, which will soon reach scale. The most important feature of this model is that the promotion effect can be checked and every transaction can be tracked. Jiu Community, the pioneer of the first community e-commerce in China, is the originator. There is also Xiangyu Mall invested and operated by Xiangyu Group.
O2O operation
Online release brand merchants release site selection requirements and show project details.
Offline import merchants and project-related materials to match.
Then, we will lead interested businesses to look at the shop group offline and step on the spot.
Finally, the cooperation intention was reached.
It can be called "matchmaker" in business.
management mode
Many experts believe that in order to survive in the e-commerce market with low entry threshold, a feasible business model must be worked out. Integrating the business models of many e-commerce companies, we can sum up the following four main business models:
(1) advertising mode: provide web space for advertisements and charge advertising fees.
(2) Retail mode: set up a virtual storefront to sell goods online.
(3) Intermediary mode: matching buyers and sellers to complete the transaction, so as to extract commission.
(4) Service mode: providing online service and charging service fee.
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