German branch
After World War II, Nazi Germany and its capital Berlin were successively occupied by the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain and France. Berlin, the capital of Nazi Germany, is divided into East Berlin and West Berlin.
1949, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic were established one after another. two
Comparison between the past and the present 25 years after the fall of the Berlin Wall (19 photos)
The separatist confrontation between Germany lasted for 4 1 year. The Democratic Germany and the Federal Republic of Germany have become the forefront of the confrontation between the two camps of the East and the West, holding their own opinions and not giving in to each other. During this period, the appearance of the Berlin Wall was symbolic and became a symbol of the Cold War.
1949, the German Democratic Republic was established in the Soviet-occupied area (referred to as East Germany or Democratic Germany), with its capital in East Berlin (occupied by the Soviet Union in Berlin), the Federal Republic of Germany in the occupied areas of the United States, Britain and France (referred to as West Germany or Federal Republic of Germany), and its capital in Bonn until 1990, when Germany was unified. [ 1]
The occupation agreement signed by the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union ensured the air corridor between the Federal Republic of Germany and West Berlin. Both the Law of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Basic Law of West Berlin stipulate that West Berlin is the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany. Because the territory of West Berlin is completely within the territory of the Democratic Republic of Germany, the Soviet Union began to blockade West Berlin in order to force the Federal Republic of Germany to give up West Berlin, which caused three "Berlin crises" before and after. The first time occurred in1June 24, 948, also known as the "Berlin blockade". The fuse was that the Soviet Union blocked the railway and the passage west of Berlin. In May 1949, 1 1, the Soviet Union announced the lifting of the blockade and stopped fighting, and the crisis eased. The second time happened in 1958. The Soviet Union issued an ultimatum, demanding that Britain, the United States and France withdraw their troops from West Berlin within six months, which ended in the Soviet Union's concession. The third time happened in 196 1, and the Soviet Union once again demanded to withdraw its troops from West Berlin, which finally ended with the official start of the construction of the Berlin Wall. The relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union was eased by the Soviet Union's announcement of freezing the Berlin issue. [ 1]
the brain drain
Since 1952, the German Democratic Republic has closed the border between the GDR and the Federal Republic of Germany.
The four countries divided and occupied Germany.
Only the East-West Berlin border is still open. A large number of East German citizens went to the Federal Republic of Germany and other western countries via West Berlin, resulting in a serious outflow of a large number of technical talents and labor. The direct loss of human resources in East Germany is about $7 billion to $9 billion, and the loss of young labor leads to the loss of education investment in East Germany of 22.5 billion marks. [2] The loss of professors and other intellectuals has increased the difficulties of economic construction in East Germany.
Before the completion of the Berlin Wall, about 2.5 million GDR residents fled GDR, many of whom went to the Federal Republic of Germany and other western European countries through West Berlin. The establishment of the Berlin Wall was caused by the conflict between the two camps of the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. It is an important symbol of Germany's division and the Cold War after World War II, and it has also become a symbol of the "iron curtain" that divides East and West Europe.
Illegal border crossing
Starting from 1960,
Berlin Wall Forced to Open (1989)
The GDR border guards regarded it as an illegal border crossing and shot at those who crossed the border. 1961August 24th, the escaped prisoner was shot for the first time. 1982 after the shooting order was issued, it was legalized to shoot people who crossed the Berlin wall. Gundam 1989, * * 6 1 people were shot dead by the GDR border guards for crossing the Berlin Wall. [2]
1970, although the relationship between the GDR and the Federal Republic of Germany improved, the GDR government raised the Berlin Wall to 3 meters to prevent residents from fleeing. 197 1 In September, the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain and France signed the "Berlin Four-Country Agreement", which allowed to abandon any attempt to unilaterally change the status quo in Berlin and gave West Berliners the guarantee of international law to freely enter and leave the city and visit relatives in East Berlin. 19711On February 20th, East Germany and the Federal Republic of Germany [3] signed a traffic agreement, which slightly relaxed the restrictions on personnel exchanges. 1972 in may, the United States, the Soviet union, Britain and France signed a transit agreement to ease the situation in west Berlin and facilitate the passage of residents in east and west Berlin. 1980, the wall, power grid and fortress of the Berlin Wall total 1369 km.
From 65438 to 0989, with the drastic changes in Eastern Europe, a large number of citizens fled the GDR and the political situation was turbulent. 1989165438+1October 9, the East German government announced that citizens were allowed to apply to visit the Federal Republic of Germany and West Berlin, and the Berlin Wall was forced to open that night under the pressure of East German residents. 1In June, 1990, the East German government officially decided to dismantle the Berlin Wall. 1990101October 3rd, divided Germany and unified for 4 1 year. [ 1]
Please adopt ~