Le corbusier, a famous French architect, was hired as the urban planner and architect of this new provincial capital. He is an architect admired by Indian Prime Minister Nehru. This opportunity brought his talents into full play. He divided the whole city into neat rectangular blocks, forming a chessboard road system, and clearly divided each block into five parts: political center, commercial center, industrial area, cultural area and residential area, with very clear functional distribution. He also designed several major buildings in the political center. Le corbusier, the French ancestor of western modernist architecture, is a radical whiteboard. Earlier, he put forward a planning scheme, suggesting that the center of Paris be razed to the ground, and all of them be demolished to build a "city of light" with high-rise buildings. I once went to Pompidou Library to shoot a sketch of le corbusier in a documentary. Fortunately, this almost crazy plan was not put into practice in Paris.

Recommend a book about him

& ltbr & gt Among architects, le corbusier (1887- 1969) is the one who talks about modern aesthetics the most. His architectural design based on cubes is the product of the combination of new materials (especially concrete) and the concept of creating architectural standard patterns. In his design, space, light and volume play an important role.

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& ltbr & gt Machine metaphor is the main driving force of all Corbusier's works. At the beginning of Towards New Architecture, he wrote: "A great era has begun, which is rooted in a new spirit, and this spirit has given birth to a large number of new works, especially in industrial products. Architectural style is determined by traditional customs. The architectural style is deceptive. Style is a comprehensive embodiment of the usual principles of all design works in a period. It is the product of an era. It has its own unique characteristics. Our era is deciding its own style every day. "

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This ideal and poetic concept of & ltbr & gt makes le corbusier's design have distinctive features, which are vividly reflected in his works. He has been looking for an architectural language that can express his ideal architecture, an ideal architecture that can be described as "good life". For le corbusier, a good life means happiness, relaxation, order, harmony, keeping pace with the times, and at the same time has eternal and stable value. What he seeks is a formal language that can contain and express all these features.

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& ltbr & gt le corbusier 1887 was born in the Swiss watchmaking town of La Saud-Fong. His original name was Charles Edward Jean Rene. He studied sculpture in a local art school and taught himself to be an architect. He traveled to many different countries and formed his own thoughts from these experiences. The inspiration from these places brought him rich architectural languages, which were constantly applied and developed in his later life. The Parthenon gave him a great shock, from which he realized the overall sense of beauty and order. He wrote: "This is a purely inventive question, so personalized that it can be said to be a complete personal creation. Phidias designed the Parthenon ... There is no magical work like it at any time ... The shape of the Parthenon is absolutely classic and insurmountable ... We pay attention to it through perception; We meditate with our heads; We have touched on the essence of harmony. Without the interference of religious belief; There is no symbolic content; No naturalistic statement; There is only pure form in an accurate relationship.

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& ltbr & gt If we use the name of Corbusier instead of phidias, we will better understand the core of his works? "Pure" and "harmony". Corbusier is similar to the classical aesthetic form in applying simple geometry and universality. Although phidias knew nothing about airplanes, cars and seagoing ships, he took natural forms and their characteristics as his source of inspiration, while Corbusier used mechanized products to express the characteristics of the times he lived in.

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& ltbr & gt le corbusier's early works are devoted to solving the housing problem. In 19 14, he put forward the frame structure system, which is an idea of cubic building based on load-bearing frame structure. Its basic unit is made of reinforced concrete and adopts standardized components. This basic unit became the prototype of all Corbusier's works and was used until the end of 1920s. In the original design concept, these buildings were only used for some workers' houses or artists' studios, as well as some block residential projects, and later they were used to design more complex villas.

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& ltbr & gt In terms of indoor space, Corbusier emphasized the use of walls or partitions in space to divide space, and he believed that residents should be able to divide their own living space. This flexible and functional frame structure proposed by him has the characteristics of strong adaptability, free modification and humanization. Corbusier's basic design concept of multifunctional space is his understanding of the simple style of rational architecture in Germany at that time. He condemned those designs that lacked architectural beauty. When talking about the essential difference between architecture and architecture, he wrote: "The purpose of architecture is to combine everything, and the purpose of architecture is to touch everyone. When architecture is in harmony with the rhythm of the laws of the universe that we observe, appreciate and respect, it produces the feeling of architecture. "

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& ltbr & gt Corbusier believes that in the relationship between man and architecture, emotion must go beyond its function. Corbusier attributed emotional factors to simplicity, order and pure form.

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& ltbr & gt After Corbusier moved to Paris in 19 17, his "pure aesthetics" was further improved, and he and the painter Amedee Ozenfant started their "new spirit" movement. This movement inherited the mantle of cubism and advocated the form of mechanical manufacturing products, such as bottles. The "new spirit" emphasizes the purity of form in products, which plays a fundamental role in establishing harmony and unity among a large number of similar products. Corbusier and Ozefang have two different levels of understanding of these abstract forms: intuition and experience.

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& ltbr & gt As an architect, Corbusier thinks that these two aspects are equally important. His abstract works can be communicated directly and indirectly at a complex level, and the architectural language is aimed at both the general public and professionals.

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& ltbr & gt It's like René changed his name to le corbusier when he was in Paris in his early years: "Le" gives an objective impression, and "le corbusier" is taken from the French word corbeau because of his profile. He is introverted and often goes his own way. Others stay away from him. He is a strict man, and he will not compromise on anything.

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& ltbr & gt In the architecture of the 1920s, Corbusier began to put into action many of the ideas he expounded in The New Spirit. Citrohan residence is the perfect embodiment of his simple cube concept, which is his famous work. His early villa design made him form the concept of roof garden (until now, roof garden is still regarded as a way to replace nature), and the ground floor overhead keeps the living space away from traffic and market noise. This structure has a certain contribution to changing the traditional living style surrounded by ground gardens.

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& ltbr & gt 1922, Corbusier put forward the idea of "modern city", which is a central city composed of high-rise residential areas, and the areas are connected by a road network. Corbusier's idea of collective or economic housing is based on the concept of a single entity, which provides private space, central service area, shops and concentrated public areas. His design of 1927 Weissenhof building and 1946 turn 1952 Unite d' settlement in Marseille made his idea come true.

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& ltbr & gt65438-0925 In the large-scale international decorative art exhibition held in Paris, Corbusier's exhibition hall was an independent unit in the exhibition area, which largely reflected the concept of open indoor space. Corbusier's respect for nature prompted him to reserve a hole for trees to grow, and he also proved the importance of letting light shine on all his buildings from the entrance and patio. In the structure designed by le corbusier, if there is no possibility of light entering, there will be no enclosed area. In this exhibition hall, he makes the interior flexible and divides different planes with balconies. In 1925, le corbusier made his thoughts on decorative architecture more clear. He wrote: "Your bedroom, living room and kitchen need blank walls, and embedded furniture will replace expensive furniture ... You need hidden or scattered light sources, you need vacuum cleaners, and you just need to buy some practical furniture instead of decorative ones. If you want to see what is vulgar taste, go to the rich people's homes for a walk. Hang some solid colors on the wall, but be excellent. "

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& ltbr & gt For interior decoration, le corbusier tends to be simple and even ascetic. He advocates "high taste" and economy. He uses cheap mixed furniture, especially the bent wooden chair made by Thonet, and uses embedded furniture as much as possible.

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& ltbr & gt20 the mid-1920s, le corbusier perfected his pure aesthetics and put forward "five characteristics" for this new building. They are:

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& ltbr & gt( 1) Bottom Independent Pillar

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& ltbr & gt(2) Roof Garden

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& ltbr & gt(3) free plane

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& ltbr & gt(4) Transverse long window (maximum light entry)

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& ltbr & gt(5) Free facade

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& ltbr & gt He used these characteristics to impress others and express the true meaning of architecture. For him, this is also his contribution to human exploration and development of sculpture. Among the villas he designed for private clients in the late 1920s, one was designed for Stein clients in Garches, and the other was designed for Ms. Savoi in poissy, a suburb of Paris.

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& ltbr & gt Among them, the location of the latter is quite open, with a slightly raised center. Le corbusier thought it was a good location and built what was considered to be his most beautiful building. Enter the ground floor overhead space through the car passage, and the ground floor space is the garage and servant room. Although this structure is a cube with raised floor, the room is divided into an open structure with sufficient light, glass windows and balcony. The cube itself is a huge white concrete sculpture, and every place has been carefully considered to guide the owner to transition from one space to another in a still space. The oblique slope breaks the horizontal and vertical structure, and the roof garden can be reached from the bottom through the slope.

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& ltbr & gt Savoi Villa is the perfect embodiment of le corbusier's pure aesthetics, which shows how it is built on an abstract concept that can only be copied and regenerated in a special way. Le corbusier's biggest problem is that his imitators just copied his form and didn't understand his spiritual essence.

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& ltbr & gt le corbusier, a master of modernist design and a representative of mechanical aesthetics, put forward that "a house is a living machine". This is a classic mechanized and functional design concept.

& ltbr & gt The Parliament Building and the High Court in Chandigarh, India, designed by le corbusier, are classic masterpieces that successfully use the grille to shade the sun. Its rough concrete decorative surface, unique shape and grille shading are perfectly combined, which is unique in the history of architectural development and has far-reaching influence. Le corbusier's 2007-0 1-28 15:04 Southern Metropolis Daily Book Review 2007. 1.28.

& ltbr & gt History highlights le corbusier from the crowd.

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& ltbr & gt le corbusier (1887- 1965) is probably the first foreign architect known to every architecture student. When I first entered the department of architecture, a large gouache portrait of him painted by my classmate was stuck behind the big classroom. The thin old man with round black-rimmed glasses hung on the wall for a whole year, and his name was written in huge red letters-Corbusier. His books and his books often appear on the list of various courses, and foreign modern architectural history papers will never avoid talking about him. Envy and awe, he really has two high brushes, and no one can say "what is this" to him and forget it.

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& ltbr & gt This year marks the 20th anniversary of his birthday/kloc-0.

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& ltbr & gt Scholars have been studying him and his works since he was alive. Some people say that he is by far the most concerned architect. With Corbusier's achievements, he can be called "great". He always surprises people in his thoughts and has his extraordinary original views on architectural design. Corbusier and three other architects-Ludwig ludwig mies van der rohe, walter gropius and Frank Lloyd Wright-turned modern architecture into an independent existence different from the past: form and function are closely linked, and it became the material embodiment of social productive forces. Since Corbusier put forward Domino prototype and "Five Principles of Modern Architecture", many modern architectural designs have become creative clips aiming at these "Five Principles". Architects only tinker, add various philosophical principles on the basis of material improvement, replace various materials and reverse various forms, but there is no real major breakthrough in the most essential form and space of architecture.

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& ltbr & gt Today, looking back at him from the complicated reading materials, we can see a thoughtful architect and planner, but also a complicated person.

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& ltbr & gt He has been "constantly struggling as a challenger" all his life. Since Corbusier was in his twenties, he firmly took architects as his lifelong career. He publicized his ideas and turned principles into slogans, but this step also made him misinterpreted in every way, and simplification never applied to explaining the truth. He explained, struggled, revised and improved his ideological system, and put forward new slogans, so he was misunderstood again. In his life, the twists and turns caused numerous arguments and misunderstandings. "Privately, this has caused great harm to Corbusier; Yugong, this is a great damage to the whole modern architecture "(Marx Bill, 1938).

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& ltbr & gt In terms of personality, Corbusier may not be noble enough. Like many architects in turbulent times, he showed a weak political stance, even clinging to power, but his pursuit of power was entirely out of his profession: he was too eager to turn his modern architecture and modern urban design concepts into reality, and he was obsessed with everything. This will only hurt relatives, and enemies will be quick. The enemy will say that he is the Trojan horse of the Bolsheviks, and his design ideas are full of fascist hegemony, but in the end they have to admit his status as a master of modern architecture and the modern spirit he expounded, because modernism has arrived and he is right.

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& ltbr & gt Corbusier still has great inspiration for architectural design and urban planning, and many beneficial breakthroughs can still be traced back to his thoughts. However, his thoughts and viewpoints not only have the historical characteristics of the era in which he lived and struggled, but also contain more or less radical elements because of his personality and the urgency of breaking through, which need to be carefully understood and cannot be fully accepted. After all, he was born 120 years ago, and he has his limitations. After he had to stop, time did not stop, and the times were progressing and changing.

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& ltbr & gt Le Corbusier's mobile architecture.

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& ltbr & gt Many years have passed. After I read many articles written by him and my respect for him has faded, I can still have a new view of le corbusier: Building for the sake of moving. This book is fluent and has almost no obvious translation difficulties. I can clearly see the ups and downs of his life and career.

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& ltbr & gt 19 14, young Cobb designed a new building system, named "Dom-ino domus (residence) and French innovation", in order to build a building with various shapes for people to use conveniently and quickly. The prototype of this house includes partial foundation, six columns, two floors and a set of stairs, which can be mass-produced. People can easily connect different parts and combine them at will. From this time on, Cobb gradually changed from a village "foreman" who designed villas for the rich to a visionary architect, turning his so-called "house is a living machine" into a reality.

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& ltbr & gt After more than ten years, he synthesized the practical achievements of predecessors and published five characteristics of new buildings-"1,pillar; 2. Free plane; 3. Transverse long window; 4. Free facade; 5. Roof garden ". Now, if we re-examine these five characteristics, we will find that any modern building contains several of them more or less. Cobb built Savoi Villa in 193 1 according to his own declaration. It is like a "box suspended in the air", with thin columns on the lower floor, flexible internal space layout and seemingly simple techniques, but almost all design techniques are used, such as geometric division, straight lines, curved walls and ramps, which is like a summary of a modern building.

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& ltbr & gt However, at first, he praised straight lines, saying that "straight lines are the wealth of modern architecture, ... and romantic spiders should be removed from our spirit", but in 1950, he designed and built Longxiang Church in a more free form, completing the ideological evolution from "a living machine" to "a house should be a treasure of life".

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& ltbr & gt On the other hand, from 1922, Cobb conceived a huge urban plan for 3 million people to live together. He has done many urban planning schemes with a strong sense of form, but he is considered to lack maneuverability. Since then, he has participated in organizing a conference on modern architecture called C.I.A.M (International Architectural Association) and compiled the Athens Charter, which is an important document on human settlements. Although ridiculed by the opposition, the principles mentioned in it have played a subtle role. 1935, he wrote the book "City of Glory" and dedicated it to the "authorities", but it was not recognized. Later, he gave the book to Mussolini, Petain and Stalin, because they seemed to accept those "revolutionary" suggestions more easily, but they finally chose neoclassicism. He also sent it to Nehru in India. Many years later, when Nehru considered modern urban planning, he did not come to Cobb, but to other members of the C.I.A.M organization. They pushed Corbusier back to Nehru and told him that this was the right person. Unfortunately, Cobb's planning in India has not been fully implemented, which is not enough to verify whether his theory is right or wrong.

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& ltbr & gt This book is not gossipy, pretentious and unassuming, and it has an irresistible reverence. But it does not only use positive materials, but is basically faithful to Cobb's life, describing his early obscurity, all his efforts, his indelible achievements and successive failures until the end of his "expression"-sudden death, and not forgetting to mention those mentors who inspired him and competitors who helped him.

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& ltbr & gt As can be seen from the article, Cobb's thought is full of changes and repetitions, which exactly reflects the development process of the whole modern architecture and city. First, he was keen to overthrow the old world before, and then he kept going back and forth, reflecting and improving. It is a complex "necessity" to push architecture into modern architecture and establish a modern urban planning system because of the development of industry and economy in the early 20th century and the need of post-war reconstruction. Cobb didn't do this promotion alone, but he played an irreplaceable role in it. More accurately, it is "history highlights le corbusier from the crowd" (at Siegfried Gideon). Some people even say that it is hard to imagine what modern architecture and cities would look like without Corbusier.

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& ltbr & gt Throughout the book, the author is not limited to describing Cobb's career, but organizes the contents of the book around all his "expressions", which completely shows his excessive desire for expressions in life. Coupled with my identity as an architect and planner, I can't simply define him. He is also a writer and an artist. He is full of energy and constantly broadcasts his thoughts orally and in writing, which is not enough. Abstract forms can't satisfy him. Architecture, city, painting, sculpture, together, become an important means of materialization for his understanding of human future, artistic future and even everything he thinks. He left behind more than 50 completed projects, more than 40 books and a large number of important articles, as well as countless sketches, watercolors, oil paintings and sculptures.

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& ltbr & gt Some people are great because they are always right and right. Some people are immortal because they think about things that others have never thought of and do things that others have never done. Perhaps their words and deeds have been gradually proved to be flawed and not necessarily correct, but they have opened the door to the new world for people. Very few of them not only pushed the door open, but also gave everyone a hard push, forcing everyone to move forward to another era. Cobb is such a man with "arm strength".

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& ltbr & gt20 years old to travel.

& ltbr & gt Travel Notes of the East

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& ltbr & gt moves towards new architecture.

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& ltbr & gt 1920, Charles Edward and his two friends founded a magazine called New Spirit. Besides inviting some avant-garde architects and artists to write sporadic articles at that time, most of the contents of the magazine were written by themselves. In order to make the authors appear more, each of them used more than one pen name. At this time, Charles Edward began to formally use the pen name le corbusier.

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& ltbr & gt In the past five years, their magazine has published eight issues. As le corbusier wrote in the preface of the second edition, the article written for The New Spirit created such a situation-he "talks about architecture, likes to talk about architecture, and hopes to talk about architecture", and gradually faded Charles Edward's immature shell. In a shy era, he showed amazing talent for expression and became a sharp-tongued and provocative architectural thinker.

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& ltbr & gt 1923, le corbusier collected and published 12 articles published in this magazine, which formed his most provocative and influential book, Towards New Architecture. The original French name of this book is Vers Une Architecture, and the English version has been translated into Towards New Architecture. The title of the French version does not have any word "new", but it is more convincing and non-negotiable, expressing the meaning that "the architecture of this era must be like this, and this is architecture". It is not difficult to see from the book that Corbusier was young at that time, and he was giving orders to his colleagues and people of that era:

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& ltbr & gt He said that architecture must change the way of development after ancient Greek architecture in terms of structural practices and decoration. "Great, even the best buildings are not born this way";

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& ltbr & gt He said, "Industry is like a big river flowing to its destination. It brings us new tools, which are suitable for this new era inspired by new spirit." Look at ocean-going ships, planes and cars, then why can't buildings become living machines;

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& ltbr & gt He said, "We should establish the spirit of mass production: the spirit of building mass production houses, the spirit of living in mass production houses, and the spirit of loving mass production houses";

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& ltbr & gt He shouted: "If you don't build (new) buildings, you will have a revolution!"

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& ltbr & gt As the translator of the English version of this book said, his book is a declaration, not a "thoughtful list of modern architecture", and "some sentences are clumsy and ridiculous, leaving some Gaullism behind", but his words are not empty, and he did point out some problems faced by that generation and even modern people. This book has led countless architectural students and lovers into the field of modern architecture. It's hard for readers not to be led by him. From these sentences, they gradually realized the enthusiasm of blood boiling and triggered revolutionary impulse until they wanted to do something at once to completely overthrow the depressed old world.

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& ltbr & gt Read this book calmly. Combining with the development of architecture, cities and human beings, some of le corbusier's views are really scary. If you really listen to him, tear down old buildings and build "living machines", how cold and desolate the world will become. But as he advocated, steel and reinforced concrete have become important building materials, and a large area of flat glass and flat roof has indeed become the main form of modern architecture. Although our home is not a "machine", it does come from a standard apartment. Regrettably, the original diversity of our buildings and cities is gradually losing, but it is eroded by lazy design under the banner of "modern architecture". Without diversity, it is boring, even if diversity does not necessarily mean efficiency.

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& ltbr & gt Corbusier has been constantly revising and perfecting his ideological system all his life. Moving towards new buildings is the starting point of this system, and the deepest revolutionary spirit and that "new spirit" have never changed. He keeps fighting, tearing down the old and building the new and better, because he also knows that architecture is far more than just a living machine, but should be a treasure of human spirit. Many of his later works are showing the highest level that human imagination can reach. They are unrepeatable and deeply integrated with nature and history.