Emperor Taizong and Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty: fishing law enforcement
At the beginning of Emperor Taizong's accession to the throne, on the one hand, due to the influence of years of war in the late Sui and early Tang Dynasties, the problem of official corruption and bribery was still very serious; On the other hand, bribery is very hidden and difficult to find. Emperor Taizong thought of a way to order ministers to pay bribes, so as to judge the bribers. Unfortunately, one person was really caught and got a silk horse. Emperor Taizong was furious and ordered him to be executed. When Pei Ju, Minister of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, learned what happened, he remonstrated with Emperor Taizong and said, "If you take bribes for an official, you should die a fair death. However, your majesty makes people suffer, but he is trapped in the law. I am afraid it is not the so-called' the virtue of Tao, the gift of qi'. " "The virtue of Tao is the gift of Qi" comes from The Analects of Confucius. Confucius once emphasized: "Tao is the government, and punishment is imposed by punishment, and the people are exempt from shame; Tao is virtue, courtesy, shame and dignity. " This means that people will lose their sense of shame if they are simply bound by laws and regulations; Only through moral guidance and ethical influence can people truly obey.
The practice of Emperor Taizong, in the present words, is called "fishing law enforcement", that is, law enforcers induce the parties to commit illegal acts by deception without any illegal intention, and then punish them.
Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty was the founding monarch of Sui Dynasty, and he was always regarded as a wise king. After his early governance, the Sui Dynasty experienced rare prosperity and stability in a short time, all of which were related to the tough anti-corruption measures of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty.
He actively strengthened supervision over officials. According to Sui Shu, Emperor Wen of Sui once asked his cronies to "spy on officials" and found that corruption would lead to payment in hell. During the reign of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, Hebei Province had a record of dismissing 200 corrupt officials from 52 states, which led to the "total fall" of Hebei officialdom.
Emperor Wendi of the Sui Dynasty once ordered some ministers and officials to be quietly presented with gold and silver treasures, silks and satins produced in the south, so as to measure whether a minister or official has taken bribes.
If a minister accepts money, such as gold and silver treasures, he will not only be regarded as a bribe, but also face the risk of being beheaded in front of other ministers in court.
Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty used this "fishing law enforcement" anti-corruption coup, which made the civil and military officials in the Qing Dynasty tremble with fear and walk on thin ice.
In the 13th year (AD 593), Emperor Wendi of Sui secretly sent people to pay bribes to some officials he thought might be corrupt. Officials such as the secretariat of Jinzhou, the Nanyang county magistrate Jia Sida, the manager Zhou Xian and the Funing county magistrate Han Yan were beheaded by Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty.
This way of "fishing law enforcement" is simple and direct, but its achievements are impressive. The risks faced by bribery officials are so great that those who take risks are naturally discouraged. In this way, the wind of corruption in the early Sui Dynasty was basically banned.
Ming Taizu: By torture.
The starting point of corruption beheading in the era of Zhu Yuanzhang was 60 taels of silver, which is equivalent to 1200 yuan today if converted by purchasing power.
Compared with the status of the previous two emperors before they ascended the throne, Zhu Yuanzhang was born in cloth and started from scratch, which made Zhu Yuanzhang's anti-corruption measures somewhat related to his origin-killing was the biggest anti-corruption measure of the civilian emperor during his tenure.
The starting point of corruption beheading in the era of Zhu Yuanzhang was 60 taels of silver, which is equivalent to1.200 million yuan today if converted by purchasing power.
On one occasion, after Zhu Yuanzhang discovered that Yu Wengui had hidden more than ten letters to please and seek "progress", he immediately sent someone to investigate the central ministries and local governments.
As a result, it was found that corruption was extremely serious from top to bottom. He immediately ordered the world: "In order to cherish the lives of the people, all officials who took bribes of more than 62 yuan will be executed and no loans will be allowed."
At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the six subordinate departments of Zhongshu Province retained a large number of old officials of the Yuan Dynasty and some heroes who rebelled, and the phenomenon of corruption and perverting the law by these people was very serious. Zhu Yuanzhang wrote a letter for this, claiming that as long as it is corruption, no matter who is involved, it will never be soft, and it will be checked to the end.
This kind of anti-corruption torture directly led to the jittery officialdom in the early Ming Dynasty, and even some handcuffed officials tried cases.
Later, in order to solve the dilemma that officials were "green and yellow" because they were involved in corruption, Zhu Yuanzhang also set up the imperial academy to train talents and provide young scholars with opportunities for promotion. Zhu Yuanzhang is very fond of these new scholars and Guo Jianzi, and often teaches them to be loyal to the public and not to move for personal gain.
However, in the nineteenth year of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang sent a large number of Jinshi and Zi to the grassroots to investigate the flood. The results show that 1, 4 1 people accept banquets, silver tickets and local products. Zhu Yuanzhang's practice was to behead all but one person.
In the 18th year of Hongwu (A.D. 1385), Zhu Yuanzhang "summed up" his years of anti-corruption experience and achievements, and compiled the Anti-corruption Program-Da Gao.
This criminal code, which has been compiled for nearly two years, is the strictest anti-corruption code in the history of China. The book records in detail the results of some corruption cases that Zhu Yuanzhang personally tried and sentenced, and also expounds his attitude, handling methods and disposal methods towards corrupt officials.
Zhu Yuanzhang even ordered that every household in China should have a copy of Dabao, and if not, it would be punished for cheating the monarch.
But in the face of such a harsh anti-corruption method, Zhu Yuanzhang thought beheading was too cheap for corrupt officials. Later, he stipulated that if officials were beheaded for committing corruption, they should be skinned and grass displayed after execution.
In order to facilitate the action, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the establishment of a land temple near the square of the local government and put the execution ground for peeling corrupt officials here, so the people called this temple "Pichang Temple". Corrupt officials were executed, skinned and stuffed with grass, made into "corrupt officials' specimens" and hung up to "shock" and warn officials to be honest and self-disciplined
Yong Zhengdi: Jia Chao.
From the historical development to the Qing Dynasty, corruption reached its peak with the development of economy and culture. In the officialdom of the Qing Dynasty, officials called it a "bad rule" and clearly marked the price.
Emperor Kangxi personally created the "Prosperous Age of Kanggan", but it also left endless troubles for future generations.
According to historical records, when Yong Zhengdi took over the Qing Empire, bureaucracy was corrupt, tax revenue was short, and the national treasury was empty. The national treasury has only saved 8.02 million yuan, but the deficit is staggering.
At that time, the Qing empire seemed to be extremely powerful, but in fact it was empty inside. Yong Zhengdi believed that the root cause of this situation was corruption in official administration, so he made up his mind to rectify official administration.
In the first month of the first year of Yongzheng, Yongzheng issued thirteen imperial edicts in succession, which were distributed to all governors, governors, chief secretaries, magistrates and civilian military attaché s, warning them not to embezzle, accept bribes or divide them up. Military attaché s are not allowed to eat empty posts, and offenders are severely punished.
Later, Yongzheng sent an imperial envoy directly under him to audit the accounts on behalf of the court, and also dispatched a large number of alternate state and county personnel from all over the country to audit the accounts in various provinces with the imperial envoy. The found corrupt officials were dismissed on the spot, and then an official at the same level was selected from the imperial history team to take over. Yongzheng also set a precedent for the Ombudsman to take over the recall.
Yongzheng's method of dealing with corrupt elements is also unique. Unlike other emperors in the past, he was imprisoned or beheaded when he caught a corrupt official, but took property and asked for money first.
During the Yongzheng period, once the deficit caused by officials was found out, on the one hand, it was necessary to strictly investigate the official position, on the other hand, it was necessary to write to the officials who were born, seal up their property, monitor their families, investigate the property that had been sold, and put an end to the possibility of transferring and hiding the stolen money.
Once an official's corruption crime is verified, his family property will be completely copied, and even his relatives and children's homes will not be spared. In the first year of Yongzheng alone, there were dozens of officials at all levels who were dismissed, including many officials with more than three products.
Not only other officials, but Yongzheng even spared his family.
After being investigated, the twelfth brother of Yongzheng was allowed to pay back the money and prayed for forgiveness. Yongzheng refused and forced him to sell his property in the street.
Yongzheng once bluntly said to the civil and military officials: "I hate fraud and false reputation the most in my life."
Yongzheng used his unique anti-corruption system to eradicate corruption and gradually changed the social atmosphere at that time. In just five years, the treasury of the Qing Dynasty increased from 8 million and 2 million in the last years of Kangxi to 50 million and 2 million.
Later generations once said that "Yongzheng had no official", which is also a historical evaluation of Yongzheng's anti-corruption and governance.
To sum up, these emperors dared to take drastic measures against the accumulated disadvantages at that time, and never lent money to anyone involved. In that era when greed for ink became the norm, without such determination, the wind of corruption could not be stopped.
Excerpt from Netease news