Chiyou tribe
The place where the Chiyou tribe lived left records of settlements (so-called "cities" in later generations), Chiyou tombs, shrines and other relics. Tracing back to these relics, we can see the activity area of Chiyou tribe, thus revealing the clues of its descendants.
The record of Chiyou City can be found in Zhu's Collection of Zhuoshui Strips (Volume XIII): "Zhuoshui comes out of Zhuolu Mountain, known as Zhanggongquan in the world, and flows through the south of Zhuolu County in the northeast ..." Wei Land Ji says that there is Chiyou City six miles southeast of Zhuolu City. The spring is deep and does not flow, and the rain flows sideways to Han Spring. He also quoted Jin Taikang Geography as saying: "Hanquan is also a place name. The spring water flows northeast and meets Chiyou Spring, and the water flows out of Chiyou City, and the city has no east. " So Zhuolu is now in Zhuolu County, Hebei Province. Turbid water remains to be tested. Chiyou Spring is in Zhuolu County today. Hanquan is in Yanqing County, Beijing today. Xin 'an County has Chiyou House. [6]
Character image
One legend is that ...
Chiyou is an ancient tribal leader and the god of war in China mythology. [ 1]
Chiyou fought against Emperor Yan and later defeated Emperor Yan. Therefore, Yan Di and Huangdi joined forces to fight against Chiyou. Eighty-one brother transferred troops to Chiyou to lead a fierce battle with the Yellow Emperor in Zhuolu. Legend has it that Chiyou has eight legs, three heads and six arms, a bronze head and an iron forehead, and is invulnerable. He is good at fighting with knives, axes and swords. He is immortal and brave. The Yellow Emperor was unable to defeat the enemy, so he asked the gods to help him break it. It was dark and bloody. Chiyou was killed by the Yellow Emperor, beheaded and buried, and his head turned into a blood maple forest. After the Yellow Emperor, Chiyou was honored as the "Lord of Soldiers", that is, the God of War. His brave image is still frightening. The Yellow Emperor painted his image on the military flag to encourage his army to fight bravely, and the princes saw Chiyou surrender without fighting [2].
In the history of China, the ancient books since the Spring and Autumn Period have recorded the legend of Chiyou quite abundantly, but there are often contradictions. According to these records, Chiyou was an ancient leader. Scholars speculate that Chiyou belongs to Tai Hao and two clan groups according to Yi and Yan Tie Lun. Chiyou has eighty-one brothers (maybe eighty-one tribes mean seventy-two). They are brave and powerful. [3]
According to legend, Chiyou, with a face like a bull's head and wings on his back, is the leader of the totem clan of cattle and birds. He has eighty-one brothers, all of whom are bronze heads, eight arms and nine toes, and all of whom have extraordinary skills.
Chiyou is mentioned most in ancient books, which is a fierce battle with the tribal alliance headed by the Yellow Emperor. There are three specific situations. The first theory can be found in Records of the Five Emperors, that is, after the Yellow Emperor defeated Yan Di in the Battle of Hanquan, Chiyou made an insurrection, and the Yellow Emperor defeated Chiyou in the Battle of Zhuolu, thus consolidating the status of the son of heaven;
The second theory can be found in Yizhoushu Taste Wheat, that is, Chiyou expelled Chi Di (Emperor Yan), Chi Di appealed to the Yellow Emperor, and the two emperors jointly killed Chiyou in China and Hebei;
The third argument can be found in Shan Hai Jing Huang Da Bei Jing, that is, Chiyou fought the Yellow Emperor, and the Yellow Emperor made Ying Long fight. The two sides fought in Jizhou, and Chiyou was defeated and killed!
Although there are some differences between them, there is no doubt that Chiyou and Huangdi fought. The war process is more tortuous and highly mythical. Chiyou is good at fighting, "turning five soldiers into clouds", "fog for three days", Huangdi "invincible in nine wars" and "unable to defend the city for three years" "Fish Dragon River Map" shows that the Yellow Emperor "lost" to Chiyou, "it was a sigh, and God sent Xuan Nv to give Huang Di soldiers a symbol", that is, he won only by virtue of the power of the goddess "Xuan Nv". It is said that the Yellow Emperor used a guide car made by the wind behind him to tell the direction in the fog and won!
In the end, Chiyou was said to have been defeated and killed, or surrendered to the Yellow Emperor and took charge of the military!
Later, when the world was in chaos, the Yellow Emperor drew the image of Chiyou to shock the world. The world thinks that Chiyou is immortal and lives in the shogunate of the Yellow Emperor, so "all directions are slaves"!
The battle between Xuanyuan Huangdi and Chiyou is an extremely important event in the Chinese legend era. After the victory of the Yellow Emperor, he unified the Central Plains and became the orthodox of China. Therefore, China's history books, especially the mainstream Confucian classics, have a lot of bad comments on Chiyou, although they may not be fair. Later, Chiyou gradually deified and became the image of "copper head and iron forehead", "eight arms and eight toes", "human hoof with four eyes and six hands" and "eating sand and stones"!
Legend has it that Chiyou makes metal weapons and is good at fighting, so he is respected as the god of war and weapons (the Lord of soldiers) and is worshipped!
After the defeat of Chiyou, the people scattered, some took refuge in the Yellow Emperor, and some migrated to other places!
record
The Book of Beginners (Volume 9) quotes "Returning to Tibet, Initiating the Apocalypse": Chiyou comes from amniotic fluid, and his head is sparse with eight arms and eight toes. He climbed Jiunao to cut the empty mulberry, and the Yellow Emperor killed him in the clear autumn. Later, the Dragon Fish River Map (quoted from Taiping Yulan, Volume 78) said: "Eighty-one Chiyou brothers, animal bodies and human language, bronze head and iron forehead, eat sand and stone", and Different Syria said: Chiyou eats iron and stone, and "human body has hooves, four eyes and six hands, and ears are like swords and halberds. The double-horned ox head is also a dragon in the traditional dragon culture. According to legend, the dragon is a horse-faced bull's head. Similarly, the legend of Gonggong is that the northern water god is a kind of water dragon.
There is another cloud: "Eighty Brothers Chiyou" ("Dragon Fish River Map") or seventy-two people ("Alien Tale"), then God Chiyou is like a giant tribe on the earth.
However, the Records of the Emperor's Mausoleum says: "The tomb of Chiyou is located in Kanxiang Town, Shouzhang County, Dongping County (now Shiliyuan Town, yanggu county City, Shandong Province). It is 70 feet high and is often worshipped in October. There is crimson and silky air, which people call Chiyou Banner. Shoulder and spleen burials, Yang Shan reunions, large and small burials, etc. Legend has it that the Yellow Emperor and Chiyou fought in the land of Zhuolu, and the Yellow Emperor killed them, so there was no burial. It is also rumored that the Chiyou Department (Shandong native) who was killed by the Yellow Emperor laid down his life and put on clothes in the place where Chiyou was seriously injured and trapped (near Liushuzhuang), and committed suicide by hitting a cliff for the Lord. Chasing troops, distinguishing clothes as human-god. Zhen Chiyou was buried in Fanshan Town, Zhuolu. "
"Enchanting Zen Sutra" records the worship of Ba Shen, saying that "three times, soldiers are teachers and worship Chiyou". Chiyou finally went down in history as a god of war.
Advantages and achievements
Due to the primitive society stage, there is no written record, so from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the present, China's historical records, according to historical legends, can only be traced back to the Neolithic Age and the Yellow Emperor period in the patriarchal commune stage five thousand years ago. However, in the era of Huangdi, the Chinese nation had three famous great ancestors, namely Huangdi, Yan Di and Chiyou. However, in the official and orthodox history of China, the Yellow Emperor has always been regarded as the ancestor of the Chinese nation, the first monarch, and later Emperor Yan has gradually been recognized. Therefore, this paper focuses on the issue that Chiyou is one of the great ancestors of the Chinese nation.
First of all, it should be pointed out that Chiyou is the ancestor of Miao nationality in China. Because the ethnic origin of Miao nationality in China today is closely related to Jiuli, Sanmiao and Naiman in ancient times. At the end of primitive society, there were many primitive humans living in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Yellow River in China. After several generations of life and hard work, they gradually formed a tribal alliance more than 5000 years ago. This tribal alliance is called "Jiuli" and Chiyou is the leader. "Notes on Mandarin Dreams" says that "Jiu Li is also a disciple of Chiyou". Interpretation of Criminal Punishment, Spring and Autumn Annals and Warring States Policy Qin all think that Chiyou is the king of Jiuli. With the help of superior geographical conditions, they made continuous efforts to develop, so that their productivity and social economy continued to develop, becoming a powerful tribe in the East and the first to enter the Central Plains. Comrade Fan Wenlan, a famous historian of our Party, wrote: The legendary ancient inhabitants of China, "People living in the south are called barbarians". Among them, the Jiuli nationality first entered the central region. Jiulidang is an alliance of nine tribes, and each tribe contains nine brother clans, totaling 8 1 brother clans. Chiyou is the leader of Jiuli nationality, with 8/kloc-0 brothers, that is, 8/kloc-0 heads. ..... is a powerful tribe with beasts as its totem, brave and good at fighting. "After Jiuli Tribe entered the Central Plains, Yan Di Tribe also entered the central region from the west, and there was a long-term conflict with Jiuli Tribe. Jiuli people expelled Yan Di people until Zhuolu. Later, Yan Di ethnic group joined forces with Huangdi ethnic group and Jiuli ethnic group in Zhuolu at the end of primitive society to launch an unprecedented tribal war-Zhuolu War. At the beginning of the war, due to the shortage of troops, the Yellow Emperor was not familiar with the terrain and climate, so "the Yellow Emperor and Chiyou were defeated in nine wars"; Later, the Huangdi clan created a south guide car to identify the direction; And greatly increase the strength and turn defeat into victory. In the end, the two sides fought a decisive battle in Zhuolu, and Jiuli was defeated, and its leader Chiyou was also captured alive and killed.
After the defeat, Jiuli declined greatly, but they still have vast areas in the lower reaches of the Yellow River and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. When Yao, Shun and Yu arrived, they formed a new tribal alliance. This is the "three seedlings" mentioned in the history books, also known as "there are seedlings" or "there are people in the seedling pool". The development of the three Miao tribes eventually formed a tribal emirate. Fan Wenlan wrote: "After Yu's defeat, the Miao people retreated from the Yellow River basin. According to the records of the Warring States Period (Wuqi), the position of Sanmiao Kingdom is roughly in a narrow place in the Yangtze River valley. Whether this statement is credible or not is impossible to verify, because nearly 2000 years have passed since the Warring States Period. Before Wuqi, Sanmiao was mostly regarded as a nation in the Central Plains. According to ancient books (Shangshu), Sanmiao, as a nation or country, was completely destroyed during the Yao, Shun and Yu period, and its remains were moved to the northwest.
There is no way to prove whether Sanmiao was later related to Man Jing, and their positions did not correspond. Although they are all in the Yangtze River valley, the location of Man Jing is roughly in the Hanshui River valley in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, while the location of Sanmiao cannot be verified. According to Wuqi's statement, the narrow strip between Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake is roughly at the junction of Hunan and Jiangxi provinces in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and the time is even more inconsistent, separated by more than 1000 years.
There is no correspondence between the three seedlings and the later seedlings. The name "Miao" was only used in the Song Dynasty, which was more than 3,000 years apart from the Sanmiao era. Moreover, Miao is not a self-proclaimed Miao, but a general term for the southern minorities in the Song Dynasty.
From the archaeological point of view, if Sanmiao really exists, it should be related to Qujialing and Shijiahe cultures, but both of these cultures have strong Tibetan and Burmese national characteristics, and they all take tigers as totems, so Miao culture can't find a clear proof of their corresponding relationship.
It can be seen that there is no corresponding relationship between the three seedlings, the seedlings and the seedlings. They are three different nationalities in different times.
However, Jiuli and Sanmiao still have a certain relationship. It is recorded in Lv Xing, Zhou Shu, that "Chiyou punishes Miao" and "Guoyu Zhengzhu" has the virtue of restoring Jiuli to Miao "and" there are three Miao, then Jiuli ",which has already indicated the genetic relationship between Jiuli and Sanmiao. The Book of Rites Yi Yin Shu Fu Zheng Zhu said, "There are Miao, then there are Jiu Li ... Three Miao in the west" and other words directly pointed out that "Three Miao" is the descendant of Jiu Li. After the Song Dynasty, some people linked Miao and Sanmiao together, such as "Miao people are descendants of the ancient Sanmiao"; "Miao people, descendants of Sanmiao"; "Kaohong Miao Pan is bounded by Chu, Shu and Guizhou provinces, that is, the three ancient seedlings are also left". But most of these books are travel notes, county records and the like, and they are not authoritative. But today's Miao people generally regard Chiyou and Sanmiao as their ancestors.
Five thousand years ago, the Jiuli Tribal Alliance was contemporary with the Yellow Emperor. According to historical records, its members included Li, Yao, She and other ethnic minorities besides Miao. If people who lived in the south in ancient times are collectively referred to as "barbarians" or "Na Man" and "Man Jing" according to the titles in the past history books, then many ethnic minorities in southern China are included. In other words, Jiuli, Sanmiao and Nanman are not only the ancestors of Miao, but also the ancestors of southern Li, Yao and She ethnic minorities. Chiyou is the king of Jiuli, so Chiyou is not only the ancestor of Miao, but also the ancestor of Li, Yao and She nationalities. At the same time, we should also see that the Miao nationality has gradually evolved into several ethnic groups in the process of many migrations in ancient times, including southward migration and westward migration, and only some of them still retain the title of Miao nationality. It can be seen that these evolved nations are naturally descendants of Jiuli, and Chiyou should also be their ancestors.
"Biography of Western Qiang in the Later Han Dynasty" said: "Western Qiang originated from Sanmiao, and its surname is different. Its country is near Nanyue. And the four evils of Liu Shun, the migration of three dangers, the land of the Kansai Qiang. " That is to say, the Qiang people belong to Sanmiao, but the descendants of Sanmiao are other branches of the surname Jiang. According to historical records, the surname Jiang was the original Jiang nationality in northwest China, later called Qiang nationality, and then gradually moved south and west. So the Qiang people have Qinghai in the north, Tibet in the west and Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan in the south. The Qiang people who moved to Tibet in the west called themselves "Uszang", which means Ubud, Tibet means Qiang, and Uszang is a general term for Ubud Qiang. They are also called "Tibet". In fact, Tibet is Xiqiang. This can prove that today's Tibetans are also the integration of Qiang and Wu. There are Miao people. Qiang people who moved south, who went to Sichuan to merge with their local cousins, were called Qing Qiang, some moved south, and some moved from Sichuan to Guizhou and Yunnan after merging with the local Qing nationality. Today, the Qiang people in western Guizhou, whose public clan number is Qiang, still call themselves Miao. The origin of the Qiang nationality in Yunnan is roughly the same as that of the Qiang nationality in western Guizhou. The clan number is Qiang, and people still call themselves Miao. It can be seen that the Qiang people are also descendants of the three Miao people in Jiuli, and Chiyou, as the king of Jiuli, should also be the ancestor of the Qiang people.
Historical materialism holds that history is created by the people. "The people, only the people, are the creators of history." At the same time, it recognizes the role of individuals in historical development. The emergence of outstanding figures is a historical necessity and a product under certain historical conditions. In the history of China, many historical figures have been produced. However, according to historical records and legends, the first three great historical figures in China history are Huangdi, Yan Di and Chiyou. Moreover, it can be said that Huangdi, Yan Di and Chiyou are the first three great historical figures in China history that China people have long missed. There have been many works and articles about China people's memory of Huangdi and Yan Di, but there are few about China people's memory of Chiyou. Therefore, we are here to focus on China people's long-standing nostalgia for Chiyou.
First of all, after the death of Chiyou, the Yellow Emperor and his descendants revered and cherished Chiyou as a "soldier saint" and a "god of war". "The Four Biographies of the History of Daoism and Chiyou" said that "the sages of later generations wrote it as' respecting the easy, thinking it was greedy'." Luo Ping's note: "The God of the celestial phenomena, Chiyou, has a good appearance, and the three generations of Yi wares are all the images of Chiyou, which is the arrogance of greed and abuse." "Dragon Fish River Map" said: "The spirit is gone, and the world will be disturbed again. The Yellow Emperor then painted the image of Chiyou to dominate the world. In the salty world, Chiyou will not die, and all countries in all directions will mourn. " It can be seen that after Chiyou was captured and killed in the raiders of Jiuli Tribe Alliance, the Yellow Emperor and his clan used the image of Chiyou to intimidate all corners of the world, thus turning Chiyou into their own protector, worshiping and cherishing Chiyou.
Secondly, Miao people generally regard Chiyou as their ancestor, and their cherish and sacrifice have a long history. When Miao people in western Hunan and northeastern Guizhou sacrifice, they all kill pigs to sacrifice Touyou. According to legend, Touyou was a brave and skillful leader in ancient times. "Qie" means father-in-law, "You" means address, and "Qie You" means "You Gong" in Xiangxi Miao language. Hunan Miao people have the custom of offering sacrifices to "maple gods" to drive away "ghost epidemics" for patients, and people who dress up as "maple gods" are very powerful; This awesome "maple god" is the incarnation of Chiyou, which is related to the legend that Chiyou abandoned his shackles and turned into a maple tree recorded in Shan Hai Jing Huang Da Nan Jing. There is a song called "Feng Ge" in Qiandongnan's "Miao Ancient Songs", and the lyrics in the song mean to treat and miss Guo as the ancestor of Miao nationality. There is also the "Chiyou Temple" in the south of Sichuan and the northwest of Guizhou, which is enshrined by the Miao people.
Thirdly, a considerable number of Han people have long missed Chiyou to varying degrees. Folklore has always said that Chiyou is a historical figure who has long been remembered by people. "Su Yan Yi" said: "Jizhou people call Chiyou a god, and people often play; Between the Qi and Wei Dynasties, Taiyuan Village offered sacrifices to the God Chiyou; When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Taiyuan people also set up a shrine for Chiyou; . Today, there are still tombs, monuments, temples and shrines of Chiyou in Zhuolu County, Hebei Province, which are deeply missed and sacrificed by the local people.
In addition, the people of Yao, Li, She, Qiang and other ethnic minorities in the south have long missed Chiyou to varying degrees, and promoted and commemorated him as a great historical figure.
It can be seen that Chiyou is a historical figure that the Chinese nation will always miss.
condition
From the above discussion, we can clearly see that Chiyou is indeed a great historical figure who was contemporary with the Yellow Emperor in the ancient history of China and had a great influence in the history of China. However, for thousands of years, Chiyou's great image and status have been seriously distorted and belittled. We are historical materialists. Restore the true colors of history and confirm Chiyou's historical position, so as to enhance the scientific nature of China's history and promote the great unity of the Chinese nation.
However, over the years, there have been several wrong ideas, which have seriously hindered the rectification of the problem of Chiyou. In order to get rid of the wrong ideas and viewpoints and correct Chiyou's name smoothly, it is necessary for us to discriminate these wrong ideas and viewpoints here.
History is the foundation and premise of reality, and reality is the starting point of future development. China's modern civilization developed from China's ancient civilization and was the result of inheriting and developing China's ancient civilization. In ancient China during the period of Huangdi, Huangdi and Yan Di made important contributions to the ancient civilization of China, and Chiyou also made important contributions to the ancient civilization of China, and was one of the great founders of the ancient civilization of China.
First, Chiyou has made important contributions to material civilization. At that time, the Jiuli Tribal Alliance led by Chiyou lived in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. It was a tribe that grew up facing the Haihe River. It was the most powerful of the three tribal alliances at that time, and its material civilization had made great progress. With the help of local geography, climate, water resources and other superior conditions, they invented grain cultivation, which has begun to develop from gathering, fishing, animal husbandry and nomadism to agriculture. This is a great progress of history and civilization and a great contribution to ancient civilization. Grain planting needs seedling raising, transplanting and seedling strengthening. It is also for this reason that people later named the descendants of Chiyou "Miao" with the word "Miao". At the same time, they were able to make more exquisite pottery and handicrafts began to develop. This is also a great contribution to Chinese civilization.
Second, Chiyou invented metal smelting and the manufacture of metal weapons. "Shi Mu Zuo Pian" said that Chiyou "used gold as a weapon". Jian Bozan wrote: "According to legend, Chiyou' used gold as a weapon' and was the earliest inventor of metal smelting." I think Chiyou is not only the earliest inventor of metal smelting, but also the earliest inventor of metal weapon manufacturing. The Book of Guan Di Zi says: Chiyou can make "swords, armour, spears and halberds" by using gold as a soldier. Historical Records of the Five Emperors quoted the Dragon Fish River as saying: "The Yellow Emperor was the regent, and there were eighty-one Chiyou brothers", "The bronze head and iron forehead" and "The staff, dagger and crossbow are famous all over the world". The history book also says
The earliest inventor of Chiyou made great contributions to the ancient civilization of China. The appearance of smelting industry is of epoch-making significance. Since then, mankind has entered the era of using metal tools, marking a new leap in the productivity of primitive society.
Third, Chiyou was the first creator and executor to establish laws and regulations and implement the legal system. In ancient China, Chiyou initiated laws and implemented criminal law to preserve discipline. "A Journey to Zhou Shu" said: "Killing Miao Chiyou" is a strong evidence. After Chiyou was captured and killed, The Biography of Lu Chiyou said: "Later saints respected Yi and thought it was greedy." Luo Ping pointed out: "The astronomical symbols of the God of Human-God are not very common. It's a three-generation Yi ware, and I have the image of Chiyou. For the greed of the abuser. " Volume 79 of "Taiping Yulan" quoted "Dragon Fish River Map" as saying: "After the spirit disappeared, the world was in chaos again, and the Yellow Emperor painted the image of Chiyou to dominate the world. In a salty world, Chiyou never dies. All countries in all directions are embarrassed. " This also shows that Chiyou has established a majestic image through strict implementation of the legal system and has had a far-reaching impact. At the same time, Zheng Xuan pointed out: "Miao people are also of Jiuli descent." "Punish human-god severely in order to become Miao people." This also shows that Chiyou is the initiator and executor of criminal law. There are also historical data that weapons and criminal law were invented by Chiyou, and were later imitated by the Huangdi tribe. It can be seen that Chiyou is the founder of ancient legal system in China.