1922 in March, Mr. Hu Shizhi wrote an article "Fifty Years of Literature in China"; At the end of the article, when it comes to the achievements of vernacular literature, the third item says:

Great progress has been made in vernacular prose. The progress of long argumentative essays is obvious and can be ignored. In recent years, the most striking development of prose is the "essay prose" advocated by Zhou Zuoren and others. This kind of sketch, with plain dialogue, contains profound meaning; Sometimes it looks clumsy, but it's actually funny. The success of this kind of works can completely break the superstition that "American writing can't use vernacular Chinese".

Mr. Hu listed four projects. The first vernacular poem, he said, "can be regarded as the road to success"; He said that the second short story "was gradually established"; In the fourth drama and novel, he said, "The result is the worst." He didn't say which was the best; But in tone, essays are at least as good as vernacular poems and short stories. Now that six years have passed, the situation is different: although vernacular poetry has made great progress, such as adopting the meter of western poetry, it needs to be delayed too much; For the literary world, it is not as lively as before. At that time, Mr. Hu predicted that "within ten years, China's poetry circle will have a brilliant period"; Looking at it now, it seems that I am not sure at all. The short story is better than before, and the long story is almost the same as before. It is gratifying that the play has two sides, but it has also made remarkable achievements. The most developed is the essay. In the past three or four years, various journals have published many essays intentionally or unintentionally, and more such journals have been published in the past year. There are also many collections of essays published by bookstores. From the 22nd volume (1925), Oriental Magazine has added a column of "New Language Forest", which also contains many essays. Xia Mianzun and Liu Xunyu, two editors-in-chief, wrote "Article Practice", in addition to notes, narratives, expositions and argumentations, there are also essays with special chapters. Last year, the "Creation Number" (No.7) of Novel Monthly also opened a short story column. Essay prose is very popular. In March of this year, the sick man of East Asia wrote "A Letter to Hu Shi" (Volume 12 of True Beauty and Goodness), commenting on the achievements of literature in recent years, saying: "First, essays are satirical, psychological and natural, and often contain little ink, while the aftertaste is all songs. The second is short stories. ..... The third is poetry.

..... "This observation is generally good.

However, it is not enough to take "laziness" and "haste" as the reasons for the development of prose and short stories. Now let's talk about short stories: the so-called "laziness" and "urgency" are only one of the essential reasons; Its historical reasons are actually more important. As we know, China literature has always been generally based on prose; The development of prose is precisely the trend. There is also a system of essay prose in the study of old prose; Only the spirit, completely different. Try to take Yao Nai's preface and postscript, calligraphy, gift preface, biography, epitaph, miscellaneous notes and memorial service as the standard, among which there are many essays; Tian Chen's "ancient and modern essays" even include imperial edicts and admonitions, which will be too extensive. By historical reasons, I only mean the historical background, not the source of modern prose. Mr. Hu said that the essays advocated by Mr. Zhou and others "can break the superstition that American writing cannot be written in vernacular". The positive side of what he called "superstition" is naturally that "Americans can only write in classical Chinese"; In other words, American literature has existed since ancient times, and only Mr. Zhou and others advocate using vernacular Chinese. Mr. Zhou himself said in the preface of Zazi:

..... The literature and art of the Ming Dynasty are lively and innovative in literature. People of the public security school can ignore the orthodoxy of ancient Chinese prose and write all articles in a lyrical manner. Although later critics dismissed it as superficial and empty, it is actually the embodiment of true personality, and its value is above Jingling School. In the past, literati's attitude towards works was dualistic, while they were monistic, which was exactly the same as that of modern writers ... In the past, people thought that writing was something that "embodied Tao", but in addition, they could write another kind of article for recreation; Now it's unified. It can be said that writing or reading is for recreation, but at the same time it is also promoting or smelling the word. ..... This can also be said to be similar to the new writers of the Ming Dynasty-this is not surprising, although it has not been imitated, or few people have read the clear text, and because of the times, the writing is very Europeanized, and the thinking has naturally changed significantly compared with 400 years ago.

This section discusses the historical background of modern prose, which is quite concise and clear. The articles of famous scholars in the Ming Dynasty are indeed the closest to modern prose in the study of old prose. But we should know that the direct influence of modern prose is external influence; Mr Zhou didn't mention this floor. We can see that articles in Mr. Zhou's own books, such as Alisma orientalis, are all in the articles of those famous artists, both ideologically and expressively. -at most, the "taste" is similar. I prefer to say that he is more "influenced by foreign countries" than China. The rest of the writers are sometimes more influenced by foreign countries, such as Mr. Lu Xun and Mr. Xu Zhimo. The historical background only refers to giving us a trend, and the detailed plan should be decided by everyone; Therefore, when it comes to external influences, the historical background cannot be erased. But you have to ask, since prose has such historical advantages, why did poetry, short stories and drama prevail in the early period of new literature? I think that might be a reaction. This reaction is good, but the power of history is too great. You see, after years of support, they finally relaxed and restored their prose to its original position. This phenomenon is not perfect; To understand this layer, we must talk about the essential reasons.

Distinguishing the system of literature from its value is a great reason for criticism, such as what Aristotle did in Poetics, which contains all kinds of arguments and conflicts; As a beginner, I dare not praise. I just feel that although it is sometimes difficult to determine the difference between systems, on the whole, every body does have its own characteristics; This feature has different values. Compared with poems, novels and dramas of pure literature, lyric prose shows this difference. We can say that the former is more liberal and the latter is more cautious: the words and syllables of poetry, the description and structure of novels, and the cutting and dialogue of drama all have various laws (in a broad sense, not limited to classical schools), and they must be carefully written to succeed. Prose is different, and the selection and performance can be more casual; The so-called "gossip", in a sense, is a good interpretation of it. It can't be regarded as a pure work of art, it is different from poetry, novel and drama. But for those who are "lazy" and "eager for speed", it is indeed a more appropriate system. This is another reason for its development. I think the real development of literature should start with pure literature, and prose alone is not enough; So the current phenomenon is not perfect. -I hope this is only a temporary transition period, and pure literature will develop again soon, at least as well as prose! But as far as prose is concerned, the development of these three or four years is really colorful: various styles and schools, showing, criticizing and explaining all aspects of life, changing with each passing day: there are China celebrities, foreign gentlemen, hermits, traitors and so on. Or description, or irony, or bending, or meticulous, or vigorous, or beautiful, or refined, or smooth, or implicit, in performance.

I am a pawn in the great era, and I am an ordinary person. Needless to say, I can't write anything good. I have written poems, novels and essays. Before I was twenty-five, I liked to write poems. Poetry has dried up in recent years and has been written for a long time. The year before last, a friend watched War, which I accidentally wrote, saying that I couldn't write lyric poems, so I could only write epic poems. This actually means that I can't write poetry. I feel this way myself, and I'm getting lazy. I have written two short stories. Looking at it now, the history of laughter is just a vulgar thing, with crowded materials, like a pot-bellied shopkeeper; Don't use words to make sentences, so coy, like a paraplegic, it's really strange to read. I find novels difficult to write; Needless to say, a long story is a short story, which is an economically rigorous structure. I'll never learn! I don't know what to do with my materials and put them in their places. As for drama, I never dare to get my hands on it. I have written many essays. I can't use the laws of pure literature, but I have something to say and I have to say it casually; Whether you say "lazy" or "hurried", I naturally adopted this system. In this little book, it is an essay written in the past four years. There are two, maybe some like novels; But you'd better just read it as prose, which is mutually beneficial. As for the division into two series, it is because the styles of the two series are somewhat different; What is the difference? I just want to see it. My friends have opposite views on these two kinds of articles. After reading Travel Miscellanies, he should write that he doesn't like me to write this kind of article because I am imitating others. And imitation is unacceptable. This is actually a bit unfair. I really didn't mean to imitate anyone. Later, he watched Gone with the Wind and wrote that this and my back are the other side of me, and he likes it. But fire is not like this. After reading Trace, he said that he only liked Civilization on the Ship. This is the so-called travel miscellaneous notes. This is an interesting contrast. I don't have any fixed opinions myself, but I decided how to write it at that time. I intend to express myself and do my best; Different people have different opinions. Can you give me some advice? Well, here are some articles. Please synthesize! ! Nothing to say ..., hey ~ ~

Different worlds

-Thoughts on reading Zhu Ziqing's prose

Walking in Mr. Zhu Ziqing's pen is like walking into a forest. The sky overhead is covered with trees, but there is a lazy and natural and harmonious light in the forest. It is not a gorgeous lighting, but a soft color that reflects the author's inner feelings. Red, pink, orange, blue, indigo, cyan, purple ... so I seem to be in many different worlds.

-inscription

A. race walking, small step running, big step running

"Swallows have gone, and there is a time to come again; Willow withered and had a green time; Peach blossoms have withered, but they will bloom again ... "This article was learned in a hurry when I was in primary school. In that young, ignorant and simple world, more than 3000 days we spent in Chinese textbooks were condensed into a number, and then one day we added 1 to this number, and after the last month, we completely forgot it. It's all like this. However, time is still passing, and the days are still moving in the opposite direction from day to day. Then we passed the fifth grade, passed the sixth grade, and now we are going to enter high school again. Sometimes I really think the speed of light is incredible. No matter how happy and sad we are, no matter how we kneel down and pray for more time, time will continue to run indifferently, and then we will suddenly realize that we will start to work hard and learn to race at the same speed or faster than time.

Sometimes we will win, and we have paid too much in a limited time. At this time, there is a wonderful sense of accomplishment. But this persistence is really difficult. Many times, before the time is up, I have made a timetable with great interest. I keep encouraging and comforting myself, "I have made a plan according to my own ability, and I will definitely finish it!" When I am in a good mood, I am also interested in adding beautiful lace to my schedule. But the plan can't keep up with the change, the deadline has passed, the mood is getting worse and worse, and there are few red ticks on the schedule ... what can I do! There are too many temptations. They are always too good to themselves, and feel that they can't stand the injustice, so they obey their wishes.

Therefore, after I passed 15 in June, my goal for the new year is to learn how to use my time and make myself proud of my successful efforts! Let's race against time, then run through time in small steps, then run a long distance in big strides, and go back to enjoy the joy of victory! (ha)

B, the hidden gray area is changing.

The first sentence I read in Zhu Ziqing's prose anthology was hate. After reading it, I have a very long feeling, and I can't help feeling sorry for the society outlined in the article. There are many people in our country, and they come and go in different cities every day, and they don't know each other, which leads to a sinking. Unexpected things often break this calm. But these things that break the peace are often like glasses, which break the peace and easily cut many people's hands, so many people will suffer. But for other passers-by, most of them are watching the excitement, but when they get home, they just tell their families a new thing: a car accident happened somewhere at some time, which is really miserable. Also, like the capture of Aohua in the article, he can relax his cold black eyes and cheer "Oh!" And then show his precious gold teeth without stint. I feel angry and sad for him at the same time; I never like to say that others are poor, and I don't like others to say that I am poor, but for that person, I can say that he is really poor because he has lost the most basic virtue of being considerate of others. He thinks he is noble and arrogant, but he is regarded by Mr. Zhu Ziqing as the negative example of the gray area of indifference between people.

To my relief, there are fewer and fewer such people, and our country is full of warmth. The recent Sichuan earthquake is the best proof. I can't forget the rescue fighters who saved lives day and night, and the kind people who went to the disaster area to help the people. Earthquake relief, unity is strength! There is a boiling emotion in my heart that makes me want to cry, but there is a powerful force that supports me and makes me stronger. This is the great strength of our Chinese nation! ! Two exclamation marks are not enough to describe my mood! )

I used to think that 2008 was a very important year for our country. In August, the Olympic flame will arrive in Beijing, the capital, to set off the glory of the Olympic Games. Before that, there were so many natural disasters that I couldn't help worrying. But my friend told me firmly: only in the face of such a disaster can we prove to the world that our nation is qualified to host the Olympic Games! We want the whole world to see that the people of China are United and indomitable!

Therefore, I said that the gray area has become very light, because the unity of our nation has condensed the sunshine and spread all over China.

Conclusion: I have written two ups and downs, and I always feel that I have been talking to myself. Mr. Zhu Ziqing's pen tip has brought me feelings that can't be expressed in a few words. Put down the pen, I think I will continue to read his words. (May 2008 18 Diary)

Read you

Grade 3 (11)1135 Ding Wenjing

The first time I came into contact with you, it probably originated from the familiar article "Hurry". "Swallows have gone, and when they come back, the willows have withered, when they are green again, the peach blossoms have withered, and when they bloom again. But, smart, tell me, why are our days gone forever? " This sentence inadvertently became an eternal classic in my heart. Maybe that's when I got to know you and get to know you.

You said: "When you wash your hands, the days pass from the basin;" When eating, the days pass from the rice bowl; When I was silent, I passed by my eyes ... "I gently spit out one word after another. When I carefully considered the beauty, I also realized that I must cherish time and not waste it. Thank you.

"You see, it's like cow hair, like a flower needle, like a filament, densely woven diagonally, and there is a thin layer of smoke on the roof." Tell me like a child. I know for the first time that such an ordinary rain can be described as beautiful. Spring brings me gorgeous beauty without losing simplicity, and also makes me like your lyric prose better, because I can always see your free and easy and indifferent in it, and read your sad mood and ups and downs.

Your article "Moonlight on the Lotus Pond" suddenly dragged me to "Curved Lotus Pond", expecting the leaves of Tian Tian. I seem to see those white lotus flowers, "some bloom gracefully and some bloom shyly;" Just like a pearl, like a beauty who just came out of the bath "; I seem to see "the moonlight is like running water, quietly pouring on this leaf and flower, and the light and shadow have a harmonious melody, such as a famous song played by Fan Yuling"; I even heard cicadas in the trees and frogs in the water. But just then, you said, "They are busy, and I have nothing. "In an instant, I seem to be able to touch your inner desolation, because you always show your true feelings unconsciously.

Then I want to mention your "Back", which is another article that makes me feel deeply. After reading it, I feel like crying. In Back, your language is not as gorgeous as before, but a little more simple and simple. That tearful picture, that ordinary and short conversation can always arouse ripples in my heart. I saw you and your weather-beaten father when I was a student, and I felt a hidden pain from his heart. Father is silent, they are not good at expressing, but they don't have any whitewashed love to move people. "Father loves mountains" is true. You also said in "Winter", "As soon as you get on the table, you look at the pot eagerly, waiting for the hot air, waiting for the tofu that the hot air drops from your father's chopsticks". I can clearly feel my father's love in the hot air of white water tofu. No matter how cold, windy and snowy it is, you should be warm when you think about it.

In Justice, you ask, "Where is justice?" You compare justice to food and clothes. You said, "There are two stones and white rice in the house, so we always have to eat them clean. There are two boxes of clothes piled up at home, and we always have to take turns changing them. A lot of justice has been put aside and ignored. How generous and willing we are! It seems that justice is really cheap, a piece of white rice and a button of clothes are not worth it! " I can hear your anger. Where is justice? It is all in our hearts! You made us understand that "justice" is not just words, but actions.

Your prose is beautiful, really beautiful, just like your name. Some people call it "beauty", some people call it "exquisiteness" and some people call it "quietness", but they are all inseparable from the word "Qing" and Zhu Ziqing's "Qing". In the hot summer, I happily sit in a quiet book bar, sipping cold drinks and listening to beautiful classical music, reading your words softly, savoring the charm between the lines, reading you carefully, reading a free and easy you, and reading a indifferent you.

Reading you is really a pleasure.

Literary worship

Wang Yun, Grade 3 1 104, Xiamen Foreign Language School

In our impression, we can see two completely different Zhu Ziqing. One is a scholar strolling by the lotus pond, quietly enjoying the fresh and quiet summer night, and the other is a democratic fighter with a pen in his hand, always caring about the motherland and shouting for the new life of the motherland. No matter what our impression of Zhu Ziqing is, what we know about him comes from his articles written in different periods.

Reading "The Back", we can see the image of the father who devoted himself to his son from the plain words, and feel what is called "the father loves the mountain"; Reading "Hurry", we can read from the beautiful writing that an author who carefully observes life laments the helplessness of time gone forever; Reading "The Man in White-God's Favorite", we can hear the author's worries about the future of the motherland from the unexpected experience on the tram ... From different articles, we can interpret Zhu Ziqing's life and thoughts from different aspects.

I have always found Lu Xun's articles difficult to understand, not only because of the gap between the expression in the text and the present, but also because I can't deeply explore what is hidden under the sharp pen. Is it a criticism of the dark society or a dissatisfaction with the warlord rule? He hides too many things. When I finished reading Zhu Ziqing's essay "Never Tired of Reading", I found it difficult to understand, because I didn't read enough and didn't have enough taste. Classics are worth reading and tasting. The literal image is only superficial, and the real essence is hidden. Only by reading the articles in your mind can you talk to celebrities.

As Zhu Ziqing said in his article, "The difference between new literature and past poems and novels is that it is seriously carrying out its mission. Whether it is early feudalism, later anti-imperialism, realism, romanticism or sentimentality, literary works are always solemnly expressing and criticizing life. In this way, literature abandoned the atmosphere of recreation and returned to seriousness. " For literature, we should have a kind of admiration and respect, and we should treat this seriousness with a reading attitude, not as a pastime. Zhu Ziqing also told us that "never get tired of watching" should focus on fun, but this kind of fun can only be said to be pure fun, not to cater to low-level tastes, nor to just seek temporary pleasure.

So what am I reading now? How to pronounce? What are you studying for?

I have been studying since I stepped into the school threshold. I don't read other books, textbooks, textbooks. Because the school and the Ministry of Education require us to read, we use various tests to test our reading level and reading level. I've been studying for so many years, I'm used to this reading mode, and I'm anxious to cope with the exam. What to read, how to read, and to what extent, all seem to be in the planning, and the literature that is really in contact is also pitiful. On the contrary, I read mostly recreational things, such as magazines. Then, I found that for our generation, fashion seems to have gradually quietly replaced the classics. I have read too few famous books. Literature seems to me to be going further and further.

Let's put aside our books for the time being. Let's take the school curriculum as an example. Chinese doesn't seem to occupy an important position as it used to, and mathematics, physics and chemistry have gradually become the top priority of all disciplines. The ancient imperial examination system was fixed for life, but now it seems that mathematics and physics are everything that dominates fate. In China, a country with more than 5,000 years of cultural heritage, this situation is really embarrassing. For the great sage Confucius thousands of years ago, today we should also hold deep apologies, right?

Everyone knows that reading is very important, but in the process of reading, it gradually deviates from the track of how to read. It is urgent for us to regain the classics, re-understand human culture, re-taste and feel, and solemnly worship literature. choose