In the process of socialist transformation and transition to socialism, China has accumulated rich historical experience.

First, it is a clear requirement of the party's general line in the transitional period to insist on socialist industrialization and socialist transformation at the same time. Socialist transformation is to change the relations of production that do not meet the requirements of industrial development and is carried out around the central task of socialist industrialization. Guiding individual farmers and craftsmen to take the road of collectivization and transforming private capitalist industry and commerce are all aimed at adapting to the requirements of socialist industrialization and better developing productive forces. Therefore, in the process of transformation, the practical steps taken by the party and the government always strive to adapt them to the requirements of promoting industrialization and economic development. It is not allowed to damage productivity. China's socialist transformation began in 1953, and at the same time, China's socialist industrialization is also advancing in an all-round way. Through the efforts of the whole party and people, by 1956, when China's socialist transformation was completed, the main indicators of the First Five-Year Plan were completed ahead of schedule, and by 1957, all indicators were overfulfilled. After the large-scale construction during the "First Five-Year Plan" period, the foundation of socialist industrialization with heavy industry as the focus in China has initially taken shape. Practice has proved that the party's adherence to the principle of simultaneous socialist transformation and socialist industrialization is of great significance for maintaining social stability, promoting the development of productive forces, gradually improving people's lives and promoting social progress in profound social changes.

Second, adopt the method of active guidance and gradual transition. China adopted different objectives and different methods of active guidance and gradual transition in the transformation of agriculture, handicrafts and capitalist industry and commerce. In the socialist transformation of agriculture, it is necessary to sum up farmers' practical experience in time and create transitional forms such as mutual aid groups, primary cooperatives and advanced cooperatives. On the one hand, this gradual transformation method, which starts from reality and leads farmers to socialism step by step, can make farmers realize the power of organization, increase production, help overcome difficulties, resist disasters and prevent polarization, thus gradually improving farmers' consciousness and gradually changing their lifestyle; On the other hand, it can avoid the situation that some farmers destroyed the means of production because of the resistance of rich peasants in the Soviet agricultural collectivization movement. Practice has proved that this gradual transition mode conforms to the characteristics and productivity of farmers. The gradual transition in handicraft transformation not only protects and promotes the development of handicraft production, but also creates conditions for handicraft industry to gradually carry out technological transformation. In the transformation of capitalist industry and commerce, various transitional forms of state capitalism from primary to advanced have been created, which has realized the peaceful redemption of the bourgeoisie and avoided the violent social shock and economic destruction that may occur in the process of transformation. This great and profound social change in China not only did not damage the development of productive forces, but promoted the development of productive forces.

Third, achieve transformation in a peaceful way. Before the socialist transformation, capitalist industry and commerce, individual ownership of farmers and craftsmen all had the nature of private ownership. Adhering to the peaceful way ensures the smooth progress of China's socialist transformation. If farmers' profound private ideas about land and farm animals and the habit of independent management of individual families are shaken, the socialist transformation of agriculture will naturally cause considerable resistance. However, the party and the government adhere to the peaceful method and the principle of voluntariness, and show the peasants with facts that cooperative transformation can benefit the poor peasants and lower-middle peasants who account for the majority of the rural population and have various difficulties in production conditions, at least without harming their interests, so they support cooperative transformation, or are relatively supportive. Wealthier farmers are facing the general trend. You can also support or follow the crowd. The situation of craftsmen is basically the same as that of farmers. The transformation of capitalist industry and commerce is much more complicated. It is the basic task of the socialist revolution to transfer the bourgeois means of production to the whole society, but whether to take violent deprivation or peaceful redemption depends on the specific situation. China * * * completed the socialist transformation of capitalist industry and commerce by peaceful redemption according to Marxism-Leninism and the reality of China. The party and the government not only failed to treat the national capitalists by attacking landlords, but also continued to pay fixed interest and arrange jobs, so they can reform as a whole. In addition to uniting capitalists through economic redemption, the party and the government also attach great importance to ideological education, and often organize them to participate in various studies and guide them to participate in various political practice activities. Educate them on the future of socialism and make them voluntarily accept peaceful transformation. The reform policy of unity education for capitalists not only stabilized their thoughts, raised their awareness and ensured the smooth progress of the reform, but also turned hundreds of thousands of capitalists into self-reliant workers and management cadres of socialist enterprises. This not only ensures social stability, but also greatly promotes the development of the socialist cause. In short, peaceful transformation solves the problem of social transformation and.

2. Courses

There have also been some mistakes and deviations in China's socialist transformation, mainly because after the summer of 1955, the requirements for agricultural cooperation and the transformation of rival industries and individual businesses were too urgent, the work was too rough, the changes were too rapid, and the forms were too simple and unified, which left some problems for a long time. After the capitalist industrial and commercial transformation was basically completed in 1956, it is not appropriate to use and deal with some former industrial and commercial people. " These problems have arisen. There are some factors, such as being eager for success in guiding ideology, not being cautious enough, and being too simple in working methods. At the same time, limited by the historical conditions at that time, there are also some problems in understanding, mainly: the choice and understanding of socialist economic model is too single, and the pursuit of pure and single socialist economic components; The choice and understanding of the realization form of public ownership is too simplistic, focusing only on the two basic forms of collective ownership and ownership by the whole people, but after the completion of socialist transformation, the public ownership economy and the non-public ownership economy can develop together. The party realized these problems in the actual work process and corrected some problems, but after all, it did not have a deep understanding. More importantly, at that time, the Party did not have time to form a scientific theory on the problems in the development stage of socialism in China, and did not fully understand what socialism was, which caused some problems left over.