The Persian War was the first large-scale international war in Europe and Asia in the history of the world. The war lasted for nearly half a century, and as a result, the Greek city-state and system survived, while the Persian Empire was devastated.
& Basic Introduction: The location of Persian War: Greek mainland, Thrace, Aegean Islands, Asia Minor, Cyprus and Egypt Time: 499-449 BC&492-449 BC&500-449 BC, participants: Greek city-states, Persian Empire Results: Greece won the final victory. Chief Commander: Miltiades, Commander of Artavones, Greece: Commander of Leonidas, Themistocles and Persian: Territorial changes of Datis, Xerxes I and Darius I: the independent historical position of Macedonia, Thrace and Ionia: the first large-scale international war in Europe and Asia English: the background of the Greek-Persian war: the first invasion of ancient Greece and Persia, sending troops to Greece, the marathon campaign, the second invasion, the Persian re-attack, the hot spring pass campaign, the empty city plan, The naval battle of Salamis Bay, the third invasion, the end of the war, historical records, bloody hot spring pass, the naval battle of Salamis, its influence, historical significance, military significance, and the background of the war. Due to the limitation of topography, many city-states in ancient Greece were separated by mountains, and there was only a small amount of land transportation in the middle, so every small city-state was "friends inside the wall and enemies everywhere outside the wall". Therefore, hundreds of city-states have sprung up in the Greek headquarters, Aegean coast and islands. Among them, Athens and Sparta developed rapidly and had strong strength. With the increase of the population of each city-state, the Greeks began to immigrate and colonize the coastal areas. At the same time, because of the limited grain production in this state, seizing the enemy's crops has become a conventional operational goal. So wars often happen in Spartan city-states. Men don't live at home, but prepare for war in barracks. Once a year, boys are brutally whipped to test their ability to endure pain. Girls must receive strict physical training, hoping that they can pass on their strong physical strength to their children so as to guard the castle in the future. Persia Persia is a slave country in ancient West Asia and a great empire developed through conquest. By the reign of Darius (522-486 BC), Persia had become the first great empire in the ancient history of the world that spanned Europe, Asia and Africa. The main components of the Persian army are naval fleet, cavalry and archers. In 546 BC, the Persian Empire destroyed Lydia and took the opportunity to attack the Greek city-states of Asia Minor. Its first goal is the Greek city-state in Ionian region, where the economy is very developed and the politics is relatively advanced and democratic. The king of Persia put forward unreasonable demands to the Greek city-states in Ionian region to change democracy into monarchy in order to find an excuse to declare war on them. Bo Shi War Map (Big Edition) In 5 13 BC, King Darius I further controlled the Black Sea Strait and Thrace, which directly threatened the security and interests of the Greek peninsula city-state. In 500 BC, the Ionian city-state could not accept it, so Miletus as the leader launched a campaign against Persia (Ionian Uprising). Miletus turned to Sparta for help because he knew he could not resist Persia, but Sparta refused to send troops. Instead, Athens and Errett sent troops to rescue him. Although the two city-states sent a large number of soldiers and warships to rescue them, they were defeated by the Persian army after several years of persistence. In 494 BC, Persia completely conquered the Ionian region, the capital Mile was destroyed, and some Greek city-states that had sent troops to revolt with Miletus were brutally looted. During this period, many outstanding figures of Ionia fled to other parts of Greece, spreading the civilization confined to Ionia to other parts of the Greek world. The Persian Empire, which invaded Greece for the first time, had the ambition to invade the West, so it decided to send troops to Greece on the pretext that Athens and Errett helped Miletus. He first alienated the Greek city-states with diplomatic offensive. Then in the summer of 492 BC, Darius I, king of Persia, sent 25,000 Lu Haijun across the Hellers Strait and along the coast of Thrace to Greece. However, most of his ships were destroyed by hurricanes in Cape atos, and the land was attacked by Thracians, who were forced to retreat. In the spring of 490 BC, Darius I sent Datis and Nice of Attafi to Greece for the second time, with an army of about 50,000 people (including nearly 400 warships). First, it captured and destroyed the city of Eretria, then pushed south and landed on the Marathon Plain about 40 kilometers northeast of Athens. Marathon Campaign Athens urgently mobilized all Athenian citizens to take part in the marathon, and sent long-distance runner Philippians to Sparta for help at night. He ran 150km in two days and arrived in Sparta on September 9th. Although the Spartans agreed to send troops, they claimed that they could only send troops to help when the moon was full. In this way, the task of anti-Persian invasion fell entirely on Athens. Athens sent Miti Addis 1 10,000 heavy infantry to the Marathon Plain where Persian troops landed, while Athens was defended by the navy. On the morning of September 12, the marathon started. Greek infantry occupied favorable terrain. The size of the Persian army was twice that of the Athenian army, so Miti Addis arranged the whole army into a simple parallel battle sequence with the same length as the Persian army, and put the elite on the two wings. When most Persian cavalry had not yet reached the battlefield, Athens pretended to attack head-on. At the beginning of the war, the Persian army took the central breakthrough tactics by virtue of its military superiority. The middle road of the Athenian army was pushed forward by the Persian army step by step and had to retreat, which made the middle road of the Persian army stand out. The elites on both sides of the Athenian army immediately surrounded the Persian army in the middle of the road. As a result, the Persian army was besieged and wiped out. The Persian navy attacking Athens from the sea could not defeat the Athenian navy. The Persian army had to retreat. A soldier named Felipedes ran back to Athens to deliver a message after winning the marathon, because he ran 42. 193 kilometers at the highest speed, and fell to the ground and died after winning, which was also the source of the marathon. Marathon has become one of the examples in the history of ancient wars. Only 192 Athens army was killed in the marathon, and Persian army lost 6400. However, this was not a major blow to the huge Persian Empire, so the Persian Empire has been looking for opportunities to attack Greece since the First World War. During the following 10 years, the two sides prepared for the war nervously. Persia collected a large number of soldiers and materials, built a large number of ships, erected pontoons and dug canals. On the Greek side, Athens * * * built 100 more than three-layer paddle warships, expanded various fortifications and strengthened naval training. More than 30 city-states formed a military alliance, elected Sparta with a strong army as an ally, and were ready to resist the Persian invasion at any time. The second invasion of Persia, the second attack In the spring of 480 BC, the successor of King Zexas I of Persia (that is, Xerxes I) led 250,000 troops and/kloc-0,000 warships entered Greece again. Athens once again faced the Persian army, and the whole city immediately entered a state of preparation, with Themistocles as commander in chief and Aristide as lieutenant. This time, Persia claimed to be a million-strong army, which made all the Greek city-states feel vital, so they formed an alliance against Persia, and even the Spartan city-states took part in the action against Persia. Persian troops marched west along Thrace, occupied northern Greece, forced some city-states to surrender, and then marched into the hot spring pass. In the Battle of Hot Spring Pass, Spartan King Leonidas was responsible for defending the first line of defense in Greece-Hot Spring Pass, which consisted of 300 soldiers from his own country and 7,000 soldiers from other city-states in the Peloponnesian Peninsula. Leonidas and his soldiers fought to the death with millions of Persian troops, which made the Persian army unable to advance in the first two days and suffered heavy casualties. But on the third day, a Greek traitor led the Persian army to attack the rear of Leonidas from a path. Unable to resist, Leonidas ordered the Peloponnesian army to retreat first, and defended the hot spring pass with his 300 chosen men. After a fierce battle, the Spartan army was wiped out. The story of 300 people killing tens of thousands of people twice in the hot spring pass campaign has become a classic. His heroic deeds are also spread to future generations and admired by future generations. The sacrifice of the Spartan king and his soldiers won valuable time for the commander of the Athenian army, Misto Chris. Although Persian troops quickly occupied two-thirds of Greece's land, when they attacked Athens, they found that there was only an empty city left in Athens, and the residents of the whole city had already evacuated. As a result, the Persian army had to burn the city to vent its anger. At the Battle of Salamis Bay, the Persian navy bypassed Cape Sunion at the southern tip of Attica Peninsula and entered the narrow Salamis Strait. In September 480 BC, more than 300 warships of Athens assembled in Salami Bay, and sent people to pretend to be deserters, and lied to the Persian king that the Athenian fleet was fighting and wanted to send troops immediately. As a result, they successfully lured the Persian king to order more than 600 giant warships of the whole army to sail into the bay. The Greek fleet hid behind Mount Egareos, formed a two-line battle formation and bravely launched an attack. Salami naval battle, however, Salami Bay is very narrow, Persian giant warships can't walk freely, while Athens warships are small and fast, hitting the side of Persian warships with the collision angle of the bow, and the Persian fleet is in a mess. Under the command of Timmy stokely, the Greek joint fleet unexpectedly defeated Persia for eight hours, and the Persian army had to retreat. Persian navy suffered heavy losses, and Xerxes I, the Greek expeditionary force, was afraid that the rear road would be cut off and fled back to China. Its troops retreated to northern Greece. In August 479, before the third invasion, the king of Persia sent a general to command 50,000 troops to attack Greece again. This time, Misto Chris used the empty plan again and moved to the sea. Sparta, on the other hand, commanded a total of 30,000 allied forces in the Peloponnesus to fight a decisive battle with Persian troops near Platia (the Battle of Platia) and killed Persian generals. As a result, the Persian army was defeated and had to retreat to the east again. The third Persian expedition ended in failure. The Persian expedition to Greece failed, and there were many contradictions within the empire, so they were forced to retreat. Greece, led by Athens, gradually turned to attack and defend, and took the opportunity to expand its maritime power and establish Athens' hegemony in the Aegean Sea. 478 years before the end of the war, the Greek navy headed by Athens counterattacked Persia and occupied the important town of Cestos on the north bank of the Hellers Strait, thus taking control of the main road leading to the Black Sea. In the same year (477 years ago), Athens joined a group of Greek city-states to form a maritime alliance, and seized the coastal areas of Thrace, several islands in the Aegean Sea and Byzantium, a strategic place. In 449 BC, the Greek navy hit the Persian army hard near the city of Salamis on the east coast of Cyprus, and the two sides agreed to make peace. Athens sent plenipotentiary Carias to Susa, the capital of Persia, to negotiate and sign the Carias Peace Treaty. According to the peace treaty, Persia renounced its control over the Aegean Sea, Heller and Bosphorus (the mouth of the Black Sea) and recognized the independent status of the Greek city-state on the west coast of Asia Minor. The Persian war is over. According to historical records, in 485 BC, Xue Xisi succeeded to the throne of Persia and became the fourth generation emperor of the Persian Empire. Persia, which rose in the Iranian plateau in Central Asia, developed through endless expansion. However, the Persian emperor's insatiable greed for land and wealth could never be satisfied. Xue Xisi, like his late father Darius I, looked at the prosperous Greek city-states on the other side of the Aegean Sea. On this day, Xue Xisi suddenly called a meeting of local governors and nobles. After talking about the brilliant achievements of our ancestors, Xue Xisi expressed his plan: "I decided to carry on my father's legacy and send an army to crusade against the Greeks. This will not only win us fame, but also get a piece of land that is not inferior to ours. I want to conquer the whole of Europe with your help, so that no land under the sun can be outside our national boundaries. " Xue Xisi thought that his decision would be unanimously agreed by everyone, but only silence awaited him. After a long time, Xue Xisi's uncle Altaba Nuo summoned up his courage and said, "Your Majesty, all that glitters is not gold. The fineness of gold can only be identified on the touchstone, just listen to the objections. Please remember the marathon battle of that year! That lesson cannot be forgotten! " When it comes to "marathon", people can't help but gasp, while Xue Xisi's face shows an elusive expression, as if lost in thought. Marathon is the first battle of Persian War and the first major setback since the founding of Persia. In this battle, Athens suffered only 192 casualties, while the Persians left 6400 bodies and lost seven warships, so Darius I held a grudge for life. Xue Xisi returned to reality from past memories, thinking that his father suffered losses in those years, but that was caused by the incompetence of the generals. As long as he uses personal expedition, he can't attack anyone. If anyone refuses to obey him, doesn't it just show that his ability to conquer Greeks is stronger than his father's? Thought of here, Xue Xisi couldn't help but feel a frenzy and ambition, so he ignored his uncle's dissuasion and immediately ordered all-out preparations to attack Greece. The closing time of bloody hot springs soon reached 48 BC1year, which was the fourth year of Xue Xisi's preparation. Xue Xisi collected a total of 250,000 troops from 46 countries and more than 65,438,000 nationalities to surrender to Persia. His battle plan still followed Darius' land attack, crossed Thrace and Macedonia, and then went south to Greece. Although this road is long, it is safer than crossing the Aegean Sea, and it is conducive to the Persian army to give full play to its advantages through a large number of troops. Facing the aggressive Persian invaders, the Greeks organized an unprecedented joint action, and more than 30 city-states gathered in Corinth to form an anti-Persian alliance, vowing to unite against powerful enemies. Spartan King Leonidas was elected as the commander-in-chief of the army, and the commander-in-chief of the navy was also the Spartan Yuri BuAddis. The army is dominated by the most elite Spartan army, and the navy is dominated by Athens, which is known as a maritime power. The whole army has 1 10000 people and 400 warships. But all the military forces mobilized by Greece are much thinner than the powerful Persian opponents. As a result, the allied generals made suggestions one after another, and finally decided that only by holding the hot spring pass could the Greek Coalition forces with insufficient troops stop the Persian army's attack. Wenquanguan is a narrow passage along the coast, which runs from east to west. The "middle gate" is the joint of the hot spring pass. The Greeks also concentrated about 7,000 heavy infantry here, including Leonidas's own 300 elite Spartan King Guards. Hot spring pass is dangerous and the mountain road is narrow, so large troops can't move, and cavalry and chariots are useless. So Xue Xisi adopted the storm tactics of heavy infantry taking turns to attack, in an attempt to use the numerical advantage to defeat the Greek Coalition forces. Leonidas, on the other hand, took advantage of the terrain of "one man guarding it, ten thousand people can't force it" to command troops to stab the enemy with sharp spears and Persian knives. The Persians fell one after another and attacked day after day, but failed to advance. Xue Xisi was helpless, so he had to take out the most elite 1000 undead troops to fight, but he couldn't attack except leaving a large body. Seeing this, Xue Xisi stood up from his throne three times, frowning, shaking his beard and shouting wildly. That night, Xue Xisi was sulking in the camp when the guards quietly brought in a man who turned out to be a local farmer named Ebiastes. The Greek traitor fell to his knees and said humbly, "Your Majesty, I know a way for you to bypass the back of the Greeks unnoticed. As long as you pay me, I'll show it to your people right away. " Xue Xisi was overjoyed when he heard this, and immediately ordered the Greek traitor to lead the body guard into the back hill along the thorn road. It turns out that Leonidas has already arranged more than 1000 defenders in the city-state of Foces on the mountain beside the highway. But because there was no war for several days, they relaxed their vigilance, and only when there were noisy footsteps in the silent darkness did they rush into battle. The Persians came, arrows rained down and the fox was defeated. The Persians did not pursue, but went straight behind the hot spring pass. Leonidas learned that the Persian army had circled behind him, and the tide had receded. In order to save his strength, he transferred the soldiers of other city-states who had no fighting spirit to the rear, leaving only 300 soldiers with him to fight. Persian troops flooded in, and Spartans between Scylla and Charybdis fought bravely. They stabbed with spears, and the spears broke, and then they drew their swords to cut them. When the sword was broken, they rushed to fight the enemy with their fists and teeth. Suddenly, the whole battlefield was covered with blood and bodies, which was terrible. In the bitter struggle, Leonidas, who was black and blue, was exhausted, and the few Spartans left were still fighting. They were gradually compressed into a small hill. Although exhausted, no one laid down their arms and surrendered. The red-eyed Persians surrounded the remaining Spartans, throwing javelins at them at the sound of commands until the last man fell. At this point, the hot spring pass was finally captured. For Xue Xisi, the bloody battle in Hot Springs was undoubtedly a nightmare, which claimed the lives of more than 20,000 Persian soldiers. At the thought of Spartan who fought to the end and would rather die than surrender, he nervously asked around: "Are Spartans like this?" After the battle of Salamis captured the hot spring pass, Persian troops went straight to Athens. However, the city of Athens is empty and there is nothing. Xue Xisi was furious and ordered to set fire to Greece, the largest and richest city. It turned out that in Greece at that time, there was always a prophecy: the fate of Greece could only be saved by wooden walls! However, Timmy stokely, the outstanding naval commander in Athens, put forward his own unique view on this ancient prophecy. He said that the future of Greece lies at sea, and the wooden wall in the prophecy refers to the big ship. Therefore, he suggested that all women and children go to Trossing in Argos and Salamis Island in their own country by boat, while all men take a warship and concentrate in Salamis Bay. After a heated debate, the town meeting finally accepted his suggestion. Just as the Persian army was heading straight for Athens, the Persian navy also bypassed Ubia Island, skimmed Attica and came to Piraeus, the outer port of Athens. They echoed land and water, they swallowed mountains and rivers and leveled Greece. In the early morning of September 20, 480 BC, the Persian fleet completed the siege of the Greek fleet. At the western end of the Salamis Strait, 200 Egyptian warships arrived at the designated position on time, blocking the retreat of the Greek fleet; At the eastern end of the Strait, more than 800 Persian warships lined up in three rows, sealing the sea tightly. At dawn, the fog on the sea was thin, and Xue Xisi, who was determined to win, couldn't wait to get dressed and ordered the gilded throne to be moved to the top of Galos Mountain overlooking the bay. He wanted to witness the destruction of the Greek fleet. Standing beside him is a historian with a pen, ready to truthfully record the brilliant victory of the Persian navy. Under the command of Timmy stokely, the cornered Greek joint fleet quickly formed: Corinthian fleet sailed to the west entrance of the bay to resist the impact of the Egyptians; The main fleet is concentrated at the eastern end of the Strait, with 180 Athenian warships on the left, 16 Spartan warships on the right, and warships from other city-states in the middle to compete with the Persian main force. After the start of the battle, the performance advantages and disadvantages of the warships of both sides also quickly emerged. Timmy stokely gave full play to the advantages of his small and fast ship, and tactfully commanded the Athenian warships to obliquely impact the Persian warships. He used a copper-plated crossbar about 5 meters long at the bow, first cut off the long oars of the heavy Persian warships, then turned the bow around and violently hit the abdomen with the bow with copper sleeves. Persian warships were sunk one after another. After a fierce battle, the Persian vanguard fleet could not resist and was forced to retreat. The Persian warships reinforced at the back don't know the situation. They whistled and rushed forward. Due to the downwind, the backup warships full of sails rushed into the bay and collided head-on with the retreating ships. The scene was in chaos. When Timmy stokely saw this, he took the opportunity to command the whole army to attack in all directions. The Greeks became braver and braver. When the sunset fell like blood, the sea was covered with the wreckage of the wrecked ship. Unwilling to fight, the Persian navy left its comrades in the water and left the Salamis Strait in despair. Xue Xisi witnessed the whole process of naval battle from beginning to end on the mountain, watching the Persian ship sink and be captured. His heart ached like a knife. He never thought that his huge fleet was so badly defeated. He couldn't help crying and even the gorgeous imperial robe was torn to pieces. A few days later, in addition to leaving some troops to continue fighting in Greece, Xue Xisi led the rest of the troops back to Asia Minor. The Battle of Salamis was the most important battle in the whole Persian War, which turned the whole war around. The following year, the Greek allied forces with Sparta as the core completely defeated the Persian army in Platia (the Battle of Platia). From then on, the initiative of the Sino-Persian war was completely manipulated by the Greeks, which eventually not only drove the Persians out of Europe completely, but also liberated the Greek immigrant city-states along the coast of Asia Minor that had been occupied by Persia for a long time. In 449 BC, the Greek army completely defeated Persia on the island of Cyprus, and the two sides signed a peace treaty, ending the Greek-Persian war. Influence ◆ Great Integration of Eastern and Western History and Culture The Greek-Persian War was an unprecedented integration of human history and culture, and its influence far exceeded the scope of Persia and Greece. It has greatly strengthened the cultural exchange between the East and the West, promoted the cultural development of the East and the West, promoted the progress of science and art ... and broken the almost complete isolation between the East and the West, thus promoting the development and progress of human society. This is the most important influence of Persian war. Greece, the historical center of the west, won the Greek-Persian War, which moved the historical center of the western world from the two river basins to the Mediterranean region. Greek civilization was preserved and carried forward, and became the foundation of western civilization in the future. The victory of Greece and Greece also ensured the independence and security of the Greek city-state, making Greece continue to dominate the eastern Mediterranean for hundreds of years. 1. Sparta: For Sparta, the influx of a large number of spoils and contact with the outside world made Sparta's original economy and simple life out of balance, and the contradictions that had been resolved reappeared. Sparta's military commander-in-chief position in the Greek city-state was challenged by Athens. Athens: For Athens, after the outbreak of the Greek-Persian War, the contradiction between civilians and nobles in Athens shifted rapidly. On the one hand, the victory of the Athenian naval battle weakened the social function of the army on which the nobles depended; On the other hand, it has improved the political and economic status of four-level citizens serving in the navy, and enabled the democratic forces to grow. The establishment of Athenian hegemony and the development of slavery economy in the late war ensured the effective implementation of democratic system. Therefore, the Greek-Persian War and the victory of Greece created very favorable objective conditions for the prosperity of democracy in Athens. Athens became the hegemon of the Aegean region, controlled the main road leading to the Black Sea and seized a large number of strategic places along the Aegean coast, including Byzantium. Greece dominated the Aegean Sea, plundered coastal countries and gained great benefits. "People seem to be awakened unanimously." They followed the example of Athens, Greece, built large ships and merchant ships, actively developed maritime power, competed for maritime hegemony, dumped goods to coastal countries, opened up markets, and seized economic benefits. Fuller, a British military theorist, said in "Military History of the Western World": "With this war, we also stood on the threshold of the western world. In this world, the wisdom of the Greeks laid the foundation for later countries. There is nothing greater than these two battles in history. They seem to be two Optimus prime, shouldering the responsibility of supporting the whole western history. " Persia Persia was defeated in this war, its external expansion was frustrated, and it gradually declined, and was finally destroyed by Alexander the Great of Macedonia. Historical significance The victory of the Greeks in the war was first attributed to the justice of the war, which inspired their great patriotic enthusiasm and promoted the close unity within and between countries. At the same time, it also benefited from the technical advantages of Greek heavy infantry and warships and the correct command of generals. The Greeks maintained their national independence and created conditions for the further development of economy, politics, society and culture. The process and result of the war had a far-reaching impact on the development of Athens city-state system and the external expansion of Athens, and promoted the development of Athens democratic political system and slavery. The Greek political pattern caused by the Greek-Persian War had a great influence on the later development of Greek history. Military art has been greatly developed in the Persian War. Greece strategically determined the decisive battle location and main assault direction in each stage of the war, determined the tactics according to the comparison of the war situation and combat power, and created a famous phalanx battle formation in the war, which had a far-reaching impact on the military in Western Europe.