First, the present situation of mine geological environment protection
1. Gradually establish and improve the system of mine environmental protection policies and regulations.
1 986 65438+1October1,the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) promulgated and implemented the Mineral Resources Law of People's Republic of China (PRC), which clarified the legal procedures and legal responsibilities of mine exploration and mining, formed a systematic management system, and constrained mining enterprises to reduce environmental pollution and assume environmental governance responsibilities. 1On March 26th, 994, the State Council Decree of the People's Republic of China (No.152) issued the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Mineral Resources Law of People's Republic of China (PRC), which stipulated that mining enterprises should complete soil and water conservation, land reclamation and environmental protection according to the approved mine closure report, or pay off the related expenses of land reclamation and environmental protection. On April/April/200 1 1 day, the State Council approved the National Mineral Resources Planning (2000 ~ 20 10) and authorized the Ministry of Land and Resources to issue and implement it. The plan has established the general principles of "developing in protection and protecting in development" and "paying equal attention to the development and utilization of mineral resources and ecological environment protection, giving priority to prevention and combining prevention with control", and defined the objectives and requirements of mine environmental protection and ecological restoration and management.
While actively implementing the laws and regulations on mine environmental protection promulgated by the state, the provincial governments and land and resources departments have successively formulated and promulgated a series of local laws and regulations on mine environmental protection in accordance with the unified requirements of the Ministry of Land and Resources. It mainly includes: 3 1 province (city) has formulated the provincial mineral resources master plan (2000 ~ 20 10), 26 provinces (cities) have formulated the provincial mineral resources management regulations, and 12 provinces and cities have formulated the provincial geological environment protection regulations. On this basis, in order to further improve the level of mine environmental management and improve the ability to interpret and implement relevant laws and regulations, various provinces (cities) have issued a series of management measures and requirements according to the actual work needs of their own provinces (cities).
2. Strengthen the theoretical research of mine environmental protection and carry out the work of "national mine environmental investigation and evaluation".
In order to promote the protection of mine geological environment, the relevant theoretical research has been intensified, and eight soft topics, such as "basic research on mine environmental protection management" and "research on mine environmental protection planning", have been organized, providing systematic technical, management and institutional legal support for the protection and governance of mine geological environment.
In order to find out the basic situation of mines in China and the influence of mine development on ecological environment, and find out the main environmental geological problems and potential hazards in mines. It provides basic data for rational development of mineral resources, protection of geological environment, improvement of mine environment, restoration and reconstruction of mine ecosystem and supervision of mine geological environment. Under the unified arrangement and deployment of the Ministry of Land and Resources, China Geological Survey launched the national mine geological environment survey and evaluation in 2002. By 2006, 3 1 province (city) had completed the survey, and on the premise of studying the data of each province, the results of the national mine environment survey were integrated and comprehensively studied. The present situation of mine geological environment protection and management within the scope of investigation was basically found out.
3. Promote mine environmental monitoring.
In recent years, the Ministry of Land and Resources has actively promoted the monitoring of mine environment and made it clear that mining enterprises have the obligation to monitor the mine environment. For old state-owned mines that have made great contributions, the state selectively carries out demonstration monitoring projects. Mining enterprises with monitoring ability should actively do a good job in mine environmental monitoring. For mining enterprises without monitoring ability, they can pay monitoring fees to the local government, and the government will organize units with monitoring ability to monitor and provide monitoring reports. Monitoring data can provide information for regular inspection and modification of mining plans to ensure the best effect of mine geological environment protection in mining projects.
4. Strengthen supervision and management of mine environmental protection.
With sound laws and regulations as the foundation and guarantee, and detailed investigation and evaluation results of mine geological environment as the technical support, national and provincial (city) management departments at all levels have strengthened supervision over mine ecological environment protection, improved supervision level and standardized supervision procedures. The current measures for the management of mine environmental protection clearly stipulate that the development of mineral resources must adhere to the principle of paying equal attention to development and utilization and environmental protection, giving priority to prevention and combining prevention with control. Strengthen the supervision and management of ecological environment protection, treatment and restoration in the whole process of mineral resources exploration, development and pit closure, so as to avoid and alleviate mine ecological environment problems and geological disasters to the maximum extent.
(1) Strict access system for mine development, to ensure synchronous planning, synchronous implementation and synchronous development of mine construction and mine environmental protection. It is required that new mines must carry out environmental impact assessment of mine development projects, and the environmental impact assessment book or report form of mine development projects is a necessary condition for handling mining registration procedures and obtaining mining licenses. In the environmental impact assessment book or report form of mine development projects, explain the types, components, quantity and treatment methods of mine development projects. Mainly explain the waste that may be generated and discharged from mine development; Predict the possible impact of mine development on the environment and analyze its reasons; Formulate environmental protection measures that should be taken to avoid and eliminate various adverse effects, as well as mine environmental recovery and land reclamation programs.
(2) Implement the deposit system for mine environmental management, strengthen the responsibility and obligation of the mining right holder for mine environmental restoration and management, and ensure that the environmental problems arising in the mining process are treated and restored in time. Newly-built mines need to pay a deposit for mine environmental restoration and management when registering with the land and resources department, and encourage existing and closed pit mining enterprises to absorb social funds for mine environmental management and ecological reconstruction through land leasing and contracting, in accordance with the market mechanism and the principle of "whoever invests benefits". The mining right holder who has not paid the mine environmental deposit shall not register or issue a mining license.
(3) Establish the system of mine environmental supervision and inspection, and strengthen the supervision and inspection of mining enterprises. In recent years, with the improvement of the state's emphasis on mine environmental protection, the administrative supervision and management departments of mine environment at all levels, such as land and resources, environmental protection, and safety production supervision and management, have gradually formulated and improved a series of mine environmental supervision and management, inspection systems and management methods. Take a combination of regular inspections, irregular spot checks and surprise inspections to carry out mine environmental supervision and inspection, and urge mining rights holders to implement various pollution prevention and ecological restoration measures. Those who fail to implement pollution prevention and ecological restoration measures as required in production will be punished in accordance with relevant laws and regulations. The key points of investigation are: ① illegal exploitation of mineral resources in the forbidden mining area; (2) Mining enterprises that have not carried out environmental impact assessment and "three simultaneities" mineral resources development projects, or failed to implement environmental impact assessment requirements and "three simultaneities" related ecological protection and pollution prevention measures, seriously damaging ecology and polluting the environment; (3) Mining enterprises and behaviors that discharge toxic and harmful solid waste, sewage and waste gas to pollute the environment and seriously endanger people's health; (4) Mining enterprises that violate the safety production law, the mine safety law, the safety production license regulations and other laws and regulations and do not have the basic conditions for safe production.
(4) Prepare the provincial mine environmental protection and management plan. According to the Mineral Resources Law, the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Mineral Resources Law, the National Mineral Resources Planning and the Interim Measures for the Planning and Management of Mineral Resources, in order to promote the coordinated development of mineral resources development and environmental protection, minimize the pollution and ecological damage in the process of mineral resources development, gradually control the mine environmental problems left over from history, clarify the objectives of mine environmental protection and governance, and implement the mine environmental protection and governance plan. In order to improve the production and living environment of people in mining areas, from June 2005 to February 2006, the Planning Department of the Ministry of Land and Resources and the Environment Department organized the preparation of 3 1 provincial (municipal) mine environmental protection and governance plan. Provincial mine environmental protection and management planning is an important basis for provincial land and resources administrative departments to protect and manage mine environment according to law, and it is also a guiding document for local people's governments at all levels to manage and protect mine environment according to law. Its main planning objectives should be included in the provincial national economic and social development plan.
5. Actively carry out publicity and education on mine environmental protection.
In order to create a public opinion atmosphere to protect the mine environment and continuously improve the awareness of mine environmental protection in the whole society, the administrative departments at all levels of the state and provinces (cities) have carried out various publicity activities. First, use the news media to vigorously publicize the principles and policies of mine environmental protection, actively publicize the advanced models and experiences in the work, and supervise the behaviors that seriously damage the mine environment. In September 2003, CCTV and the Ministry of Land and Resources jointly produced 18 TV series "Memory of Resources and Environment in 2003", which comprehensively showed the current situation of mine environmental protection in China and objectively reflected the achievements and existing problems in the field of resource development and environmental protection in China. The CCTV news commentary "Focus Interview" has repeatedly reported in depth the typical events of mine environmental damage and geological disasters caused by unreasonable mining, which has played a good role in warning education and public opinion supervision. The second is to use "World Environment Day" and "Earth Day" to publicize national policies and popular science knowledge on mineral resources development and utilization and mine environmental protection, such as "relying on scientific and technological innovation and progress, promoting rational development, economical utilization and intensive utilization of resources, promoting environmental protection and governance, and improving the ability of land and resources to ensure sustainable economic and social development". The third is to issue an environmental quality bulletin, inform the public of mine environmental conditions, the progress and existing problems in protection work in a timely manner, and safeguard the public's right to know, participate and supervise.
Second, the present situation of mine geological environment management
In recent years, the Ministry of Land and Resources, with the support of the Ministry of Finance, has carried out some mine geological environment management work and achieved certain results. However, the recovery and treatment of mine geological environment in China is still in its infancy, and a lot of treatment work needs to be carried out step by step in the future.
From 200/kloc-0 to 2002, with the support of the central government, the Ministry of Land and Resources selected 18 mines of different types and regions to carry out the demonstration work of mine geological environment management and ecological restoration. 18 treatment project: comprehensive treatment project of Daguangshan iron mine area in daye city, Hubei Province; Debris flow prevention and control project of Tieshanlong tungsten mine in Yudu County, Jiangxi Province: environmental restoration and control project of Liudaowan coal mine subsidence area in Urumqi, Xinjiang: debris flow prevention and control of Guangyuanbao coal mine in Shimian County, Sichuan Province: comprehensive control project of Xuyi stone mine in Jiangsu Province; Zibo coalfield closed pit mine geological environment restoration project: Shanjiacun coal mine geological environment restoration project in Qufu City, Shandong Province; Qitaihe city mine environment restoration project; Comprehensive environmental control project of iron ore area in the upper reaches of Miyun Reservoir in Beijing: Xiaochangba lead-zinc mine environmental control project in Gansu Province; Mine geological environment restoration and treatment project of Dahe Copper Mine in Nanyang, Henan Province: environmental restoration and treatment of large magnetic coal gangue in Shiguai District, Baotou City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region: restoration and treatment of Tashan stone coal environment in Lin 'an City, Zhejiang Province: geological environment treatment of Qin Xin coal mine of Shanxi Qin Xin Coal Coke Co., Ltd.; Comprehensive Environmental Control of Xiangdong Iron Mine in Hunan Province —— Environmental Control of Qibaoshan Mine in Liuyang City, Hunan Province: Environmental Restoration and Control of Luquan Shooting Range Mining Area in Hebei Province: Phase I Project of North Side Environmental Control Demonstration Zone of Fushun West Open-pit Mine in Liaoning Province. The treatment effect is obvious, which has played a good role in paving the way and exploring the follow-up treatment work. See figure 5- 1- 1 for the project distribution.
Figure 5- 1- 1 2006 5438+0 Distribution of Governance Projects from 2002 to 2002
On the basis of previous work experience, in June 2003, 5438+065438+ 10/0, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Land and Resources issued the notice of "Administrative Measures for the Use of Exploration and Mining Rights and the Use of Price (Trial)", and officially launched two special funds for mine environmental control. According to the relevant provisions of the Management Measures (Trial), the main contents of mine geological environment management in China at present include:
(1) Environmental geological problems such as ground cracking, settlement and collapse caused by mining activities;
(2) Environmental geological problems caused by mining activities, such as regional groundwater level decline, groundwater depletion, tailings dam damage, etc.
(3) Treatment and comprehensive utilization of mine tailings formed by mining activities.
In 2003, the Ministry of Finance supported 65.438+72 billion yuan and arranged 74 control projects, including 22 minerals. See Figure 5- 1-2 and Figure 5- 1-3 for the types of mines distributed and controlled by the project.
In 2004, the Ministry of Finance supported more than 400 million yuan of mine geological environment treatment projects, and arranged 170 treatment projects, covering 43 minerals and distributed in 30 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) except Chongqing. See figure 5- 1-4 and figure 5-65438+.
From 2000, the central government allocated 5.7 million yuan to start four projects, and by 2006, the total number of projects reached 797; In 2006, among the royalties and prices of exploration and mining rights collected by the central government, the expenditure budget was 24 179 1 10,000 yuan. These projects involve 3 1 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) and 10 state-owned enterprise mining areas, including as many as 44 kinds of minerals such as coal, gold, iron, lead and zinc.
Figure 5-1-2 Distribution of Governance Projects in 2003
Figure 5-1-3 Types of mines handled in 2003
Figure 5-1-4 Distribution of Governance Projects in 2004
Figure 5-1-5 types of mines handled in 2004
While the state has invested funds, local governments also attach great importance to mine management and actively raise funds. According to incomplete statistics, since 2000, the local financial funds for mine environmental control in China have reached 2.3 billion yuan, and the self-raised funds of enterprises have reached 155438+0 billion yuan. In 2006, the central government allocated 654.38+600 million yuan, an increase of 40% over 753 million yuan in 2005. The implementation of the project has strengthened the protection and restoration of mine environment, effectively protected the mine environment, curbed the destruction of mine environment, promoted the rational and scientific utilization of mineral resources, promoted the economic transformation of resource-exhausted mines, changed the living environment around the mining area, prevented mine geological disasters caused by mining activities, protected people's lives and property, promoted local economic development, and achieved gratifying results.
Third, the status quo of mine park construction
In the course of human history, there are spaces and places for human mining activities everywhere. Mining relics formed by human exploitation and utilization of mineral resources are historical witnesses of human activities, historical and cultural relics with important values, and important natural and cultural heritages protected in today's world. China's mineral resources are rich, diverse and widely distributed, and mining development has a long history. From copper mines in the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, iron smelting in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period and well salt in the Qin and Han Dynasties, to coal mines and natural gas in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, as well as the unprecedented mining prosperity after the Sui and Tang Dynasties 1000 years and the remarkable achievements in mining development since the founding of New China for more than 50 years, it fully shows the intelligence and great creativity of the Chinese nation in understanding and utilizing nature. The history of mining development in China is an important part of the history of Chinese civilization, and it is also one of the most brilliant chapters in the world mining history. In recent years, governments at all levels and all walks of life have attached great importance to mine environmental protection, properly protected mine relics and actively carried out mine environmental protection and restoration, forming a unique mine natural ecological landscape and humanistic historical landscape. We actively promote the construction of national mine parks. Through the establishment of mine parks, firstly, it is conducive to the effective protection and scientific utilization of mining heritage resources and the promotion of long mining history and splendid culture; Second, it is conducive to strengthening mine environmental protection and restoration; Third, it is conducive to promoting the economic transformation of resource-exhausted mines; Fourth, it is conducive to setting an example and promoting mining enterprises to take the road of sustainable development.
In August 2005, the first meeting of the leading group of national mine parks was held, and the qualifications of 28 national mine parks were reviewed and approved. In order to further promote the construction of mine parks and protect mining relics, on June 65438+ 10/day, 2006, the general office of the Ministry of Land and Resources issued the Notice on Strengthening the Construction of National Mine Parks (Guo Tu Zi Fa [2006] No.5), requiring all units to improve their institutions, improve their planning, and do a good job in construction.