The civil war destroyed and changed the American economy.

In 1859 and 1860, southern planters prospered after producing record cotton crops, the most valuable export products of the United States at that time.

The prosperity of the south depends on the cultivation of cotton and many other major crops in the region by more than 4 million African-American slaves. Cotton provides raw materials for textile mills in the United States and Europe, and brings great wealth to the region.

Argument: the historical influence of American civil war reconstruction.

I economic development during the civil war and reconstruction

On the eve of the war, the per capita wealth of the southern United States surpassed that of any other slave economy in the New World. For their owners, slaves are their most precious assets, worth about $3 billion.

However, this wealth conceals the interests of infrastructure, industrial production and financial markets north of the Mei Sen-Dixon line, and the war will expose this fact to everyone.

Contrary to the slave-holding south, northerners praised their region as a land of free labor, inhabited by farmers, businessmen and hired laborers. It is also the birthplace of a strong market economy.

By 1860, northerners can buy clothes made in New England factories or use kerosene from Pennsylvania to light their homes.

The midwest produces a lot of food to feed the whole country, and the rest is enough for export to Europe. In the further west, mining and agriculture are the pillars of life. In addition to textile mills, shoe factories and cast iron factories, companies such as McCormick Harvester Company or Colt Company demonstrated the technological progress of northern manufacturers.

These goods crisscross the developing railway network in the north. Like all wars, civil war destroyed life and property and interrupted the pace of commercial life. This is especially true in the Southern Alliance.

From 186 1, the confederate government tried to find guns, food and materials needed to deploy troops. Southerners did make amazing progress in industrial production during this period, but it was far from enough. The federal blockade of the Atlantic prevented the Confederacy from raising money for the war by selling cotton to Europe.

In order to pay for the army and maintain economic vitality, the Confederate Parliament turned to printing paper money, which depreciated rapidly and led to rapid inflation. In many cases, confederate officials were exempt from paying cash taxes, but only asked citizens for the food and materials they needed.

Perhaps the most striking thing is that this war also prompted the US government to take unprecedented measures. Congress raised tariffs and passed the first national income tax in 1862.

186 1 After stopping using coins for payment at the end of the year, Congress created the first legal tender in the United States, called "green back".

At first, the expansion of money and the rapid increase of government expenditure translated into business growth 1862- 1863. As the war continued, inflation also hit the north. Workers demand higher wages to pay rent and buy necessities, while the business community groans under the increasing tax burden.

However, the United States has never implemented a policy of squeezing food and materials. Factories and farms in the north successfully provided materials for the federal army, and the federal government found a way to pay for the war after some adjustments.

All this does not mean that North Korea has a powerful war machine supply capacity, so the outcome of the war is inevitable.

Any explanation of the war process must take into account the complicated political, war and economic networks between 186 1 and 1865. The aftermath of the war left parts of the Confederacy in ruins, with little money to rebuild.

The state government was mired in debt, and most of the capital of white planters was tied to slaves, and they lost most of their wealth. Cotton is still the most important crop, but the war has changed the way cotton is planted and sold.

Plantation owners divide large farms into smaller plots and take care of them by one family in exchange for some crops, which is called tenant farmers. Once cotton production resumes, Americans find that their cotton can now compete with new cotton plantations around the world.

For the whole south, war and reconstruction marked the beginning of a period of extreme poverty, which would last at least until the New Deal in A.D. 1930.

Republicans in the south tried to transform the region into a free labor economy like the north. However, the transition from slave labor to free labor has never been so clear.

In the 20th century, southern whites used legal force and extrajudicial violence to safeguard the restricted labor system. The vagrancy law gives law enforcement agencies reason to arrest innocent black men and women, while the criminal leasing system means that even arbitrary arrest may lead to decades of forced and unpaid labor.

This new form of slavery lasted until the Second World War.

Re-slavery is only the most extreme of a series of economic injustices. /kloc-In the late 20th century, poor whites will form mobs and "wear white hats" to scare away blacks. Because they can't afford their own farms, black farmers often turn to the tenant farming system. Tenant farming system often leads to debt cycle and binds families to land.

Victory did not translate into rapid economic prosperity in the United States. It was not until A.D. 1870 that the North recovered to the speed of industrial and commodity output before the war. The war really benefited farmers in the north, who responded to the shortage of labor in wartime by using more mechanical harvesters, thus increasing production.

Wartime laws also changed the relationship between the federal government and the American economy. The new tariff and tax law protects northern industries from European competition. Morelle land grants helped to establish universities such as the University of California, the University of Illinois and the University of Wisconsin.

With the establishment of the national banking system and the US dollar, Congress replaced hundreds of state bank bills with the federal monetary system, which accelerated the trade and exchange between regions of the country.

This does not mean that * * * and the party's policies have worked. Homestead laws aimed at opening the west to small farmers are often frustrated by the actions of railway companies and speculators. The transcontinental railway was also created during the war, and it did not produce any economic benefits until decades later.

During the war years, the government and the business elite established close relations, which sometimes led to corruption and disaster, just like when the market crashed on September 24th. 1869.

This new relationship has aroused strong political opposition, especially in the west and south against Washington's oriental and industrial prejudice. The conflict between liberation and civil rights soon gave way to the long-term political conflict around the direction of American economic development.

Second, the end of reconstruction.

When the attention of the whole country changed from former slaves to equal citizens, so that the white Democrats could regain southern politics, the reconstruction was over.

During the period from 1868 to 1877, and after the Great Depression, the development was accelerated. With economic issues becoming the focus of attention, the country's interest in reconstruction has gradually weakened.

The biggest threat to the power of political parties in the south is the violence and intimidation of white conservatives, and the presence of federal troops in major cities in the south has avoided this threat.

1873 In September, Jay Cooke and his company declared bankruptcy, which led to the depression of bank run for six years. 1873 The Great Depression destroyed the country's fledgling labor movement and helped quell northerners' residual idealism about reconstruction.

In the south, many farms are financed entirely by loans. After 1873, most of the sources of credit disappeared, forcing many landlords to default and pushing them into the over-saturated labor market.

The sharp drop in wages has fueled the growing debt system in the south and plunged workers into an endless cycle of poverty.

1876 On the eve of the presidential election, the country was still in depression. Due to the growing hostility of the whole country to interfere in southern affairs, Grant's government found itself unable to interfere in southern affairs. The shameful corruption of Grant's government weakened the country's trust.

By 1875, the Democrats in Mississippi formulated the Mississippi Plan, which was a wave of violence aimed at suppressing black voters. The Republican governor of the state urged the federal government to intervene, but the national Republican Party ignored this request.

At the same time, Rutherford B. Hayes, the governor of Ohio and the candidate of the party, won a great victory, but did not mention reconstruction, but focused on avoiding corruption, restoring the economy and discouraging drinking. His success made him a potential presidential candidate.

* * * Republicans chose Rutherford B. Hayes as their nominee, while Democrats chose Samuel J. Turden, who took honest politics and local autonomy as his responsibility in the South.

There have been allegations of voter fraud and intimidation in three States where the reconstruction momentum is strong and the results will determine the outcome: Florida, Louisiana and South Carolina.

In fact, those elections were full of violence and fraud, because white conservatives thought they could get away with trying to stop * * * and party voters. A special election committee voted along party lines-eight Republicans supported it and seven Democrats opposed it.

Democrats threatened to boycott Hayes' inauguration. The rival government claimed to recognize Turden as the right president. * * * Republicans were worried about another local crisis, so they turned to Democrats for help.

In the 1877 compromise, the Democratic Party gave President Hayes the post and promised that all remaining troops would withdraw from the south.

1March, 877, Hayes took office; In April, the remaining troops were ordered to withdraw from the south. The compromise brought the Southern Democratic Party back to power, and there was no longer any fear that the federal army or northern politicians would be retaliated for their blatant violence and intimidation of black voters.

After 1877, Republicans no longer have political capital to intervene in violence and election fraud cases in the south, which leads to the reduction of opportunities for freemen to serve in state governments.

Conclusion:

The reconstruction of the United States has realized abraham lincoln's greatest concern: the restoration of the Union. The war and its aftermath ended the legal slavery in the United States forever, but African-Americans are still second-class citizens and women are still fighting for full participation in American public life.

The end of reconstruction witnessed the unification of the north and the south under the urgent need of economic growth and territorial expansion, even though this is not all the rights of citizens. From the ruins of civil war, a new country was born. This country is full of new possibilities, but it is plagued by old problems.