The ancient inhabitants of China
Humans evolved from apes, and whether they can make tools is the fundamental difference between humans and animals.
Representative map of ancient residents
Representing culture
long time ago
Find the spot
Yuanmou Man
About1700 thousand years ago.
Yuanmou County, Yunnan Province
Beijing natives
About 700 thousand to 200 thousand years ago.
Beijing southwest Zhoukoudian
Prehistoric caveman
About 30 thousand years ago
Cave on the top of Gulong Mountain in Zhoukoudian, southwest Beijing
Schedule of comparison between cavemen and Beijingers
Representing culture
long time ago
appearance
tool making
Use of fire
concept
social organizations
Beijing natives
About 700 thousand to 200 thousand years ago
Preserve some characteristics of apes
Knock rough stone tools
Use natural fire
Primitive crowd
Prehistoric caveman
About 30 thousand years ago
The appearance is basically the same as that of modern people
Master polishing and drilling technology.
make a fire
Know how to love beauty and bury it after death.
A consanguineous family.
Lesson 2 primitive farming life
Two representatives of primitive farming life in China
hominid
long time ago
Find the spot
Production Activities
implement of production
house
device
Dress
The original inhabitants of Hemudu
About seven thousand years ago.
Yangtze valley
Hemudu Village, Yuyao City, Zhejiang Province
Grow rice, raise pigs, dogs, cattle and sheep.
Bone stone tools have been used.
Dry column house
Make pottery
Learning rotation
Banpo aborigines
About five or six thousand years ago.
Yellow River Basin
Banpo village near Xi, Shaanxi.
Grow millet and vegetables, raise pigs and dogs; Fishing and hunting
Stone grinding tools are widely used.
Semi-basement house
Lesson 3 China's ancestors
1. Why do China people often proudly call themselves "descendants of the Chinese people"?
1, Yan Di and Huangdi are the ancestors of the Chinese nation: Huangdi Tribe and Yan Di Tribe defeated Chiyou in Zhuolu and formed an alliance from then on. After a long period of development, the future Huaxia nation was formed. Huaxia nationality is the predecessor of the Han nationality and the backbone of the Chinese nation.
Yan Di and Huangdi made outstanding contributions to Chinese civilization.
Second, abdication system.
During the Yao, Shun and Yu dynasties, the method of democratic election of tribal alliance leaders was called "abdication system".
Unit 2 the emergence of the state and social change
Lesson 4 The Rise and Fall of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties
First, the replacement of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties.
dynasty
clotting time
Extinction time
capital
Founding monarch
The king who led to the collapse of the country
summer
About 2070 BC
About 65438 BC+0600 BC
Guangzhou
Yu
cruel
business
About 65438 BC+0600 BC
65438 BC+0046 BC
Moved the capital several times, Pan Geng moved the capital to Yin.
soup
It is said to be a tyrant
week
Western Zhou Dynasty
65438 BC+0046 BC
77 BC1
Haojing
Zhou Wuwang
Zhou Youwang
Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770-256 BC)
770 BC
garment of thin silk
Zhou Pingwang
Second, why can Shang Tang defeat Xia He?
Three. Xia, Shang and Zhou politics
1, Qi inherited his father's footsteps and became the second generation king of Xia Dynasty. Since then, the hereditary system has replaced the abdication system, and the "public world" has become the "home world".
2. Various state institutions (including government agencies, military, criminal law and prisons) were established in the Xia Dynasty. ) as a tool for slave owners to oppress civilians and slaves.
3. The enfeoffment system of the Western Zhou Dynasty
(1) The purpose of enfeoffment is to consolidate the rule.
(2) The enfeoffment system includes two aspects:
The son of heaven distributed the land and people to relatives and heroes and made them princes.
(2) Duties of princes: obey the orders of the Emperor of Zhou; Pay tribute to the emperor; Defend the territory in peacetime and lead troops to fight against the emperor in wartime.
(3) The significance of the enfeoffment system: the remote areas were developed, the rule was strengthened, and the Western Zhou Dynasty became a powerful country.
Lesson 5 Brilliant Bronze Civilization
The prosperity of agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts and commerce has formed a splendid bronze civilization in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties.
First, the superb craftsmanship of bronzes.
The most famous bronzes in Shang Dynasty are the huge Mu Si Wuding and the unique Four Sheep Square Zun.
The characteristics of bronze casting in Shang and Zhou dynasties are: large scale, many varieties, fine craftsmanship and wide distribution.
Second, develop agriculture and animal husbandry.
Third, the miserable life of slaves.
1. Without personal freedom, you can transfer and trade at will.
2, human sacrifice: every time the Shang slave owners sacrificed their ancestors, they slaughtered a large number of slaves as sacrifices.
3. Martyrdom: After the death of the slave owner, the slave should be killed or buried alive as a funeral object.
Lesson 6 Disputes during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period
In 770 BC, Zhou Pingwang moved the capital to Luoyi, and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty began. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty is divided into two periods: the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
First, the spring and autumn hegemony.
1. The purpose of warlord hegemony is to force all countries to recognize his leading position and become the "overlord".
In the middle of the 7th century BC, the Kwai-Autumn Alliance marked the peak of Qi Huangong's hegemony and became the first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period.
The Battle of Chengpu: In the 7th century BC, Chu Jin fought in Chengpu, winning and losing.
Famous overlords: Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong and Chu Zhuangwang.
2. What is the common reason why Qi Huangong and Jin Wengong become the hegemons?
1 premise: the decline of the royal family
② Strength: Qi Jin became strong rapidly by developing production, training the army and rectifying internal affairs.
3 prestige: establish prestige through "respecting the king and resisting foreign countries" or war.
3, the influence of hegemonic war:
(1) has brought various disasters to the society;
(2) In the war for hegemony, some vassal states were wiped out and some countries with vast territory emerged.
Second, the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period
During the Warring States Period, from 475 BC to 22 BC1year, the feudal society in China was formed.
List the seven heroes of the Warring States: Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei and Qin (combined with map location: Yan is the northernmost country; The southernmost point is Chu; The easternmost is Qi; The westernmost is the state of Qin)
1, the purpose of the war: merger and unification
2. The famous battles of the Warring States: the Battle of Guiling, the Battle of Maling and the Battle of Changping (the Battle of Changping, the defeat of Zhao Army, the six eastern countries have been unable to resist Qin Jun's attack).
Lesson 7 the era of great change
The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period is a great change in the history of China, which is reflected in:
First of all, economically
1, iron farm tools and popularization in Niu Geng.
2. The famous Dujiangyan
① Designer and builder: Li Bing, prefect of Shu County, Qin State.
② Location: Minjiang River
Significance: Dujiangyan eliminated the flood of Minjiang River and irrigated a large area of farmland, making Chengdu Plain a "land of abundance".
Second, politically-Shang Yang's political reform.
① Time: 356 BC
② Character: Shang Yang carried out political reform with the support of Qin Xiaogong.
Objective: To establish feudal rule, develop feudal economy and be invincible in hegemony.
④ Content and influence:
content
affect
Reward farming
Reward production (those who produce more grain and cloth can be exempted from corvee)
Economic development, national wealth
In a word, Shang Yang's reform established the feudal system, which made Qin the most prosperous country in the late Warring States period and laid the foundation for Qin's national reunification.
Reward military service (according to the size of military service, award titles and fields)
The combat effectiveness of the army is enhanced and the soldiers are strong.
Recognize private ownership of land and allow free transactions.
Establish feudal land ownership
Establishing county system: the monarch directly sends officials to govern
Strengthen centralization