History of aircraft development: glider-jet-helicopter-civil aircraft-Airbus.

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One of the most important inventions of the twentieth century was the birth of the airplane. Since ancient times, human beings have dreamed of flying in space like birds. The kite invented by China people more than 2,000 years ago, although it can't take people into space, can be called the originator of the plane.

At the beginning of this century, there were two brothers in America, who made great contributions to the history of aircraft development in the world. They are the Wright brothers. At that time, most people thought it was impossible for an airplane to fly by its own power, but the Wright brothers didn't believe this conclusion. From 1900 to 1902, the two brothers made more than 1000 gliding test flights.

Finally, in 1903, the first manned aircraft "Voyager" 1 was built and the test flight was successful. Therefore, they won the honorary award of 1909 from the US Congress. In the same year, they established Wright Aircraft Company. This is a great success in the history of aircraft development.

1903 12 17 The Wright brothers flew their unit for the first time.

Maneuvering flight

19101210, at the Paris exhibition, an airplane crashed while performing. The pilot was thrown out of the burning cabin. However, this plane has aroused great concern. Because it uses a new engine. The designer is the pilot himself, a Romanian named Henry koanda, who graduated from the French Higher Technical School. The engine he designed is a 50-horsepower engine, in which the fan pushes the air backward, and at the same time, an afterburner is added to make the gas fully expand in the tail nozzle, thus increasing the reverse thrust. This is the earliest jet engine.

In the late 1930s, the maximum horizontal flight speed of piston-driven propeller aircraft reached 700 kilometers per hour, and it was close to the sound speed when diving. The problem of sound barrier is increasingly prominent. The former Soviet Union, Britain, the United States, Germany, Italy and other countries have vigorously carried out the research work of jet engines. Aoan, a German designer, was the first person to successfully develop a new engine. 1934 Aoan obtained the patent of centrifugal turbojet engine. 1939 On August 27th, Aoan made a He- 178 jet with his engine.

After the jet engine was developed, scientists further made the plane fly over the sound barrier. 10 years later, this work was finally completed by Americans.

194710 June 14, in Sangerfield, California, USA, Bell Company tested a plane that could break through the sound barrier. In the morning 10, a huge B-29 bomber took off, and a small plane with a strange shape hung under the cabin. This small plane was named X- 1 rocket plane. The X- 1 aircraft is equipped with four rocket engines with a total thrust of 2,700kg, and the fuel used is dangerous liquid hydrogen and alcohol. When the B-29 bomber descended from the air, its four rocket engines ignited one after another, and the sound was like thunder. 28 seconds after the aircraft engine starts 1 min, the Mach number reaches 1? 0, the plane reached the speed of sound. At this time, the fuel of X- 1 aircraft is running out, and the speed becomes faster, reaching Mach number 1? 06, the height at this time is 13000m. Although the test flight was successful, this record was not recognized because the X- 1 aircraft did not take off by its own power.

The invention of the airplane has brought people new dissatisfaction with the benefit of the whole people. The plane needs to run when it takes off, and it needs to build a corresponding runway and airport. This has brought a lot of inconvenience, so some people began to explore aircraft that can take off and land vertically, commonly known as helicopters.

1939 On September 4th, the world's first practical helicopter was born. That is the VS-300 helicopter successfully developed by Sikorsky Company, an American engineer. Sikorsky was originally from Russia and moved to the United States on 1930. The VS-300 helicopter he made has 1 main rotor and 3 tail rotors. Later, after many test flights, the 3-tail rotor was changed to 1, and this practical helicopter became the originator of modern helicopters.

The world's first combat helicopter

After the birth of VS-300 helicopter, it had a great influence, especially since the 1950s, the manufacturing technology of helicopter developed rapidly. Before the mid-1950s, the power plant of helicopter was in the period of piston engine, and then it entered the period of jet turbine shaft. The rotor material structure technology has also gone through several stages; In the 1940s-1950s, it was a metal-wood wing mixed structure, in the 1950s-1960s, it was a metal structure, in the 1960s-1970s, it was a glass fiber structure, and it developed into a new composite structure after the 1970s.

In the 1920s, airplanes began to carry passengers. At the beginning of World War II, the United States began to convert a large number of transport planes into passenger planes. Since the 1960s, some large transport planes and supersonic transport planes have appeared in the world, and turbofan engines have gradually become popular. The famous ones are An -22 and Il-76 produced by the former Soviet Union; American C- 14 1, C-5A, Boeing-747; Airbus in France and so on. Supersonic transport aircraft include Concorde jointly developed by Britain and France and Tu-144 of the former Soviet Union. However, the development of supersonic passenger aircraft is not optimistic. The price of Concorde was too high, which affected the benefit, so it was discontinued in the 1980s. Tu- 144 in the former Soviet Union was grounded in the 1980s for the same reason.

The first civil aircraft

Since the invention of the airplane, it has become an indispensable means of transportation for modern civilization. It profoundly changes and affects people's lives. Due to the invention of the airplane, the time for human beings to travel around the world has been greatly shortened. The first round-the-world trip was completed in16th century. At that time, the Portuguese Magellan led a fleet from Spain, which took three years to cross the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, circle the earth and return to Spain. /kloc-At the end of 0/9, it took a Frenchman 43 days to travel around the world by train. After the invention of the airplane, people made another round-the-world trip at 1949. A B-50 bomber flew 37,700 kilometers around the earth in just 94 hours after four beautiful aerial refueling. It is better to be strong than not. After the supersonic plane appeared, people flew higher and faster. 1979, spector, an Englishman, flew 36,900 kilometers and circled the earth in only 14 hours and 6 minutes. In less than a day, you can fly to every corner of the earth. Isn't this a miracle for people who lived before the 20th century?

Airbus A330-200

The intricate air routes connect countries all over the world, providing people with convenient and fast passenger transportation. As early as the 1920s, air transport started regular flights to transport passengers and mail. Nowadays, air routes extend in all directions, and people will see a silver plane at any time, like a big bird, passing by in the blue sky. For modern people, it is common to be in Beijing in the morning and in another city thousands of miles away in the afternoon without being tired. Before the 20th century, this was unthinkable. From then on, steep mountains and endless oceans will no longer be daunting. Yin Yan closely links people of different races and colors in different regions. Through constant communication, people sow friendship and transmit information, so as to achieve mutual communication, mutual understanding and mutual promotion and jointly promote human civilization.

The invention of aircraft also made the air transport industry develop unprecedentedly, and many raw materials needed for industrial development had new sources and channels, greatly reducing people's dependence on local natural resources. Especially after the birth of supersonic aircraft, air transportation has become more prosperous. Livestock that are not suitable for long-term transportation, delicious food that is difficult to preserve for a long time, can also fly all over the world and be enjoyed by people all over the world. Lingnan litchi, which was not easy for even the imperial concubine to taste, has now appeared in the homes of ordinary people.

When humans marched into the depths of the earth, airplanes were also widely used in geological exploration. People can quickly and accurately survey vast areas, including steep and hard-to-reach places, by airplanes equipped with cameras or electronic equipment called Lan Xiao system. An excellent topographic map can be drawn by splicing aerial photos one by one. This is much easier than the old surveying and mapping method. Even the icy and inaccessible Arctic and Antarctic, which were once only explored by explorers, can now be reached by plane without any difficulty.

American f/a attack aircraft

Of course, the role of aircraft in modern warfare is even more amazing. It can be used not only for reconnaissance and bombing, but also for early warning, anti-submarine and mine clearance. In the Gulf War that broke out in the early 1990s, the great power of airplanes was obvious to all. Of course, the military application of aircraft has also brought great disasters to mankind and caused devastating damage to human civilization. But the peaceful use of aircraft is the original intention of human beings to invent aircraft.