In the Neolithic Age, with the development of tool manufacturing technology, the Scots began to launch a long-term and lasting attack on the forest, and finally extended the human footprint to the Scottish inland bit by bit. With land and more living space, the life of prehistoric Scottish residents began to transform, just like residents in other parts of the world. Their lifestyle has changed from single hunting to semi-nomadic, and agriculture has become more and more important. Because Scotland is vast and sparsely populated, Scots don't need advanced agricultural technology to fill their stomachs, so the agricultural development in Scotland is very slow.
In 2000 BC, bronze art spread to Scotland. Refining bronze requires tin and copper. Although Scotland is rich in copper, there is almost no tin. Meanwhile, tin mines in Cornwall, England, have been mined. The demand for tin led Scots to increase contact and trade with English people.
In BC 1000, the Celtic civilization originated in Central Europe gradually influenced Scotland. As for how Celtic culture spread to Scotland, it is still inconclusive. One view is that the Celts invaded Scotland and conquered and ruled Scotland with the most advanced ironmaking technology at that time. Others believe that Celtic culture gradually penetrated into Scotland through trade and other contacts. In any case, Scotland has since become a branch of Celtic civilization and is still considered as one of the six existing Celtic countries. Most of the traditional culture in Scotland originated from Celtic culture. In the first century BC, the powerful Roman Empire began to invade Britain and successfully conquered the English. Although the Scots are backward in weapons, they are simply a bunch of primitive people compared with the Roman army. However, with the complex terrain of Scotland and the tradition of bravery and bravery of Scots, they were not easily conquered by the Roman army. Although the army of the Roman Empire finally succeeded in destroying the army of the main kingdom of Scotland at that time, the commander of the Roman Empire still decided not to occupy Scotland, but to build the Great Wall on the border between Scotland and England, that is, Hadrian's Great Wall.
The invasion of the Roman Empire brought advanced civilization, including writing, to the island of Great Britain. So the Roman invasion was the beginning of the recorded history of Great Britain.
Later, the Roman Empire fell apart and the army withdrew from the island of Great Britain. This creates a power vacuum. Taking this opportunity, a tribe from Ireland, also belonging to Celtic culture, came to Scotland and settled down (strangely, these people were called skots). Vikings in northern Europe began to invade, occupied some small islands along the coast and established their own kingdom. Until some places along the northern coast of Scotland, there are more people who like northern Europe than Scots, and the cultural traditions are quite Nordic.
At this point, there are three relatively stable forces in Scotland. The original Scottish residents were called Picts, and later Scots and Vikings. After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, Roman forces withdrew from the island of Great Britain, and the vacuum of controlling power aroused the interest of other forces in northwest Europe. During the heyday of Viking civilization, Norwegians often crossed the sea and invaded the Scottish coast, eventually occupying shetland islands and Orkney Islands for a long time.
The legendary King Kenneth I of Scotland of Scotland conquered the Picts in the surrounding area and established the first real Scottish kingdom, which was called Alba in Gaelic in the first half of the ninth century.
1034, when Duncan I succeeded to the Kingdom of Alba, its territory basically included the Scottish territory on the island of Great Britain today. Since then, Macbeth, who failed to gain power in this inheritance, rose up against Duncan and won the throne. However, Marcand III, Duncan's son, succeeded in revenge after more than ten years and regained the kingship. Shakespeare's play Macbeth completely dramatizes this series of events, which is one of the four great tragedies. 1066, the army led by William the Conqueror invaded England and defeated the original forces in England. An heir to the former army fled to Scotland and married his sister to the king of Marcand. This behavior angered William the Conqueror, and his army invaded Scotland in 1072. Makander was forced to surrender, announced the surrender of the Kingdom of Scotland, and sent his son Duncan as a hostage to England.
1098, after Marcand's death, his younger brother succeeded to the throne, while the English kingdom supported Duncan who had been held hostage for decades to succeed to the throne. Duncan was murdered only a few months after he seized power. In the following centuries, the battle for the Scottish throne continued, while the Kingdom of England often took the opportunity to influence the inheritance issue openly or secretly according to its own interests. The blood relationship between the two royal families was gradually established with marriage. The English royal family who married into the Scottish royal family gradually spread the European aristocratic culture to Scotland. Edward I of England, king of England in the period of Roy Bert Bruise, paid special attention to the direct and indirect control of Scotland, and weakened its kingship and influence by different means. 1295, the king of Scotland signed an agreement with France, which was known as the "Oder Union" in history. Edward I of England of England attacked Scotland the following year, overthrew the king at that time, and took away the stone of destiny necessary for the coronation of the king of Scotland and sent it back to Westminster Abbey. But then william wallace, a famous Scottish national hero, rallied his troops and defeated the English army at Stirling Bridge. 1298, Edward I of England, England, made a personal expedition, and finally completely crushed the Scottish resistance. Scotland has almost become a part of the territory of the Kingdom of England.
Edward I of England died in 1307. Roibert Briuis, a Scottish aristocrat and one of the original heirs to the throne, intensified his resistance to the independence movement and was recognized as the new king of Scotland by local forces. 13 14, Bruce defeated the English army in Bannockburn and gained de facto independence. 1320, Scotland's status was recognized by the Pope. 1328, Edward III, the grandson of Edward I of England, England, signed an agreement recognizing Scotland as an independent country, and promised his sister to marry David, the four-year-old son of Robert Bruise. The first war of independence was over. 1329, only one year later, Robert Bruise died and his five-year-old son David II of Scotland succeeded him. England supported Edward Balliol, the puppet who tried to seize the kingship, and attacked Scotland again in 1332, starting the second war of independence. English troops invaded and occupied many towns in Scotland, and eight of them were officially assigned to England through the name of the newly established puppet king. 1334, 10 Scottish king David II of Scotland and 12-year-old queen (Edward III's youngest daughter) took refuge in France. Scotland is once again on the verge of complete conquest.
However, the local nobles in Scotland never gave up their resistance. 1337, the long-standing dispute between Britain and France finally escalated into war. Edward III had to bring back the main army from Scotland, and his control over Scotland gradually weakened. 134 1 year, 17-year-old David II of Scotland returned to Scotland and officially led the war of independence, which greatly boosted domestic morale and made great achievements in the alliance with France.
1346, David II of Scotland led an army to invade the north of England and supported the French action behind England. However, the Scottish army suffered a crushing defeat in the Battle of Neville Cross, and David II of Scotland was captured and sent to England for detention. However, England was unable to invade Scotland on a large scale, and its puppet king, barrio, soon renounced his right to the throne and returned to England to live in seclusion.
1357, the two sides signed a peace treaty, and David II of Scotland was released back to Scotland, but Scotland had to pay a high ransom to England and repay it in installments. 137 1 year, David II of Scotland died childless. Robert Stuart, the grandson of his father Robert Burris, succeeded him to the throne and became Robert II, starting the Stuart dynasty.
During the period of Stuart dynasty's monarchy, he tried to consolidate the royal power and weaken the rights of the nobles who often held the power in recent hundred years. But the most important thing is that this dynasty laid a relatively stable royal family, and later monarchs were directly inherited by father and son, which basically changed the chaotic succession situation in Scotland hundreds of years ago.
15th century and16th century, Scotland experienced great development in all aspects after hundreds of years of foreign aggression. Scotland gained the sovereignty of orkney and shetland islands from the Danish Kingdom, and finally established its present border. In terms of culture and education, Scotland has established four ancient universities, the number of which once surpassed that of England.
The relationship with England is also very delicate. Although the two sides are hostile, they have to contain each other for the benefit, and strengthen the contact and influence between the royal family and the nobility through marriage. One of the most important marriages was that James IV married the daughter of henry vii, the first king of Tudor Dynasty in England. Since then, the descendants of the Stuart dynasty have Tudor descent.
15 13 In order to abide by the "old alliance" established with France more than 200 years ago, James IV agreed to invade northern England and help France in the European-British War. The Scottish army suffered a crushing defeat in England and was wiped out. James IV was killed and his son James V succeeded to the throne at the age of 1. The actual control of the country fell into the hands of the Regent. Scottish james v of scotland inherited his father's legacy and went on to make friends with France and England. Although both his wives are members of the French royal family, he still has several illegitimate children. The only legal heir of Scottish james v of scotland is his daughter Mary, who was born a few days before his death. Scottish james v of scotland heard that Wang Housheng was a daughter in his illness and once said a very famous sentence: "The girl came and the girl left." Stuart's throne came from Robert Bruise's daughter, but it was also his only daughter who gave it to someone else.
1542, Mary I succeeded to the throne six days after his birth. King Henry VIII of England is determined that his youngest son will marry Mary I in the future, so as to get the Scottish throne in a proper way. But when she was young, Mary I's mother sent her back to her hometown to raise her. 1558, 15-year-old Mary I married the then French Crown Prince. A year later, her husband Fran?ois II ascended the throne, and Mary I became the French queen at the same time. But the next year, Fran?ois II died. The "old alliance" relationship between Scotland and France for more than 250 years has basically come to an end.
156 1 year,/kloc-Mary I, who was widowed at the age of 0/8, returned to Scotland and began to perform her duties as queen. As Mary I is a devout Catholic, Elizabeth I, who just became Queen of England, regarded her as a great threat. Because Elizabeth I's regime believes in Protestantism and England has a large number of Catholic supporters. At the same time, because her grandmother, Mary I, is also the cousin of Elizabeth I, she is qualified to inherit the throne of Tudor dynasty. Elizabeth I tried many times to find a suitable husband for Mary I to alleviate this crisis, but all of them were rejected by Mary I. 1565, Mary I married his cousin who belonged to Stuart's royal family, and soon gave birth to a son, James VI.
Mary I was overthrown by Scottish nobles in the recent civil strife. After several failed attempts to recover, she had to flee to England. Queen Elizabeth I detained Mary I for more than 18 years because she was worried about her appeal among Catholics and her eligibility to inherit the throne. 1587, Mary I was finally executed. However, because the virgin queen Elizabeth I had no queen, Mary I's eldest son James VI inherited the Scottish king and was the first heir to the British throne. Mary I wears clothes that say, "My end is my beginning", which means that her son will eventually inherit the British throne. 1603, Elizabeth I died, and the designated successor was James VI, the reigning king of Scotland. Since then, the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland have formed a crown alliance. Although there are still two independent countries, the head of state and the supreme power are in the same hand. But at that time, there was no form or name of the United Kingdom.
1625, Charles I, son of James VI, succeeded to the throne. However, the desire for political reform in England has always been strong, and soon the British civil war broke out, and various factions in Scotland also actively participated. Charles I became the only king executed in Scotland. After the glorious revolution, the succession of England and Scotland once appeared the possibility of re-differentiation. In order to establish the relationship between the two regions, the Parliament of England and the Scottish Parliament under the constitutional monarchy reached an agreement, and the two parliaments were formally merged. The two countries removed the title of independence and changed their names to the United Kingdom of Great Britain. Citizens of the two countries enjoy the same nationality and trade flows freely. The merger was extremely controversial in Scotland, so the main driving force for the final realization was the growing economic strength of England at that time. The kingdom of Scotland, which lasted for more than 800 years, has since disappeared, but it has been the longest-lasting regime in the British Isles.