Historical allusions of Chu during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period
Chu, also known as Jing and Jing Chu, was a vassal state in China during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The ancestor of Chu was Mi, a famous bear. The Chu tribe, which first rose in the land of Gudanxi (now southeast of Xichuan County, Henan Province, and Danjiangkou Reservoir in Xichuan has a large number of tombs of Chu nobles), perished in the State of Qin. The jurisdiction is roughly Hubei, Hunan, Chongqing, Guangdong, Anhui, Jiangsu, Henan and some parts of Jiangxi. The ancestor of Chu came from Zhuan Xu's Levin of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. Levin is the grandson of the Yellow Emperor and the son of Changyi. Ng Wui is the fifth emperor after Zhuan Xu, and he is a fire official of the Gao Xin family. He is in charge of the sky fire and the earth fire, and can melt the world. I ordered Zhu Rong (Zhu, Daye; Melt, Ming also). Its tribes are distributed in the south of Shangdu Chao Ge (now Xinzheng). Wu Hui's son Lu Zhong has six sons, and the youngest son Ji Lian is the ancestor of Chu. After Ji Lian, Xiong Yue was Zhou Wenwang's teacher and his great-grandson Xiong Yi. When he became king, he was named Zi Chu (meaning Viscount of Chu). According to Shiben, Dialectics of Ancient and Modern Surnames and Compilation of Yuanhe Surnames, there was a learned son of Huangdi who was Zhou Wenwang's teacher at the end of Shang Dynasty. His son Wang Wen died young. Great-grandson Xiong Yi took Wang Fu's name as his surname and became Xiong's. When Zhou Chengwang enfeoffed the former Wang Hero, Xiong Yi was the land of Danxi, and Danyang (now Xichuan County, Henan Province) was its capital, and the State of Chu was established. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Chu was once very powerful, and conquered Sui State (now Suizhou, Hubei Province), forcing Sui Hou to surrender. Xiong Tong therefore became king 704 years ago. Other small countries wiped out by Chu include the ancient elk country (Yunyang, Hubei Province), the Lu country and the Luo country (Jingmen, Xiangfan, Hubei Province), all the way south, conquering hundreds of Miao and other vassal countries and becoming the overlord of South China. In 223 BC, Chu was destroyed in Qin. Most of the descendants take Xiong as their surname, which is called Xiong's, and the history says Xiong's is authentic, that is, Jiangxi Xiong's. At present, Xiongs from Daxiong Bay (without mixed surname) and Xiao Xiong Bay (with mixed surname) in Qianchuan Street, huangpi district, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, moved here from Jiangxi when they migrated from north to south.
The Historical Origin of Chu State in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period;
Sima Qian, a historian of the Western Han Dynasty, recorded Xiong Yi, the leader of the Chu people in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty: "When he was king, he improved his civil and military skills, and then succeeded to the throne, while Xiong Yi was named a Chu person, a field of adopted daughters, surnamed Zhou, and lived in Danyang." This view holds that the descendants of Chu ancestor Zhu Rong migrated from the north to Danyang at the end of Shang Dynasty and the beginning of Zhou Dynasty. This is the first time that Chu people entered Hubei Province from the Central Plains, and it is also the first time that Chu was officially recognized by the Zhou royal family.
According to archaeologists Liu Yutang, Wang Hongxing and Gao Chongwen, the ancient "Danyang" is located at the intersection of Danshui and Xishui (now the flooded area of Danjiangkou Reservoir in Henan Province), so it is called Danyang because it is located in the north of Danshui.
Chu people came from the Yellow Emperor (or a tribe group whose ancestors were the Yellow Emperor), which was clearly recorded in important ancient documents in China. "Historical Records Chu Family" said:
The ancestor of Chu came from Emperor Zhuan Xu and Levin. Levin is the grandson of the Yellow Emperor and the son of Changyi. The Five Emperors Historical Records says again:
Zhuan Xu and Levin, grandchildren of the Yellow Emperor and sons of Changyi.
"Shiben" and "Da Dai Li" also said so. Chu poet Qu Yuan claimed to be:
Emperor Levin is a descendant of Miao nationality, and I am the emperor Kao Boyong.
Historical Records is the earliest general history of China. Sima Qian read widely and collected legends extensively, so the textual research on Chu ancestors should be credible.
Qu Yuan is a descendant of Truman, and his recognition of his ancestors should be solemn. He himself was full of pride after coming from Zhuan Xu.
The legendary era of the Yellow Emperor was generally from clan system to class society.
Transitional period. During this period, due to the expansion and development of social production, the original narrow ethnic organizations must be broken through.
Qu Yuan, a nobleman from the same clan of Chu King, clearly stated in Lisao that he was "the descendant of Emperor Levin". In Historical Records of Chu Family, King Ling of Chu also said, "My grandfather was uncle Kunwu." Levin is the grandson of the Yellow Emperor, Kunwu is Xia Bo, and the origin of the Chu royal family is Huaxia, which is proved by historical records.
The Historical Development of Chu State in the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period
Xiong Yi and his descendants are the earliest developers in Jianghan Basin, and their pioneering history is hard. "Zuo Zhuan" in the twelfth year of Zhao Gong: "In the past, Xiong Yi, my first king, stood on Jingshan Road, and the road was blue and sky-blue, making him travel all over the mountains and rivers to serve the sons of heaven." Jingshan is in the west of Hubei Province today, on both sides of the Han River. In the twelfth year of Zuo Zhuan, the public said, "Self-discipline and self-forbearance, and it is not easy to avoid his long-term training of people's livelihood. In the army, if you don't ask military facts every day, you can't guarantee victory. If you don't have 100 grams, you will die. If the training is arrogant, the road is blue and blue, so as to clear the forest.
Day of Proverbs:' People's livelihood is diligent, and diligence is not lacking. The words "Tao is blue" in Zuo Zhuan refer to more than ten generations of kings from Xiong Yi to Xiong Yi (Ruoao) and Xiong You (He Miaomiao). It can be seen that Chu lived a hard and poor life for a long time after the founding of the People's Republic of China. In 656 BC, Qi Huangong led an army to attack the State of Chu, and described two major crimes of the State of Chu. One of them is "Wang Zhao conquers the south and doesn't return, I ask", and the other is: "Two packs of male hairs are not human beings, and they are sacrificed to the king. I can't restrain my wine. I am human." It shows that Chu did not pay tribute to the Zhou Dynasty on time for a long time. When the state of Chu was besieged by heavy troops, it was fearless and ready for battle. However, due to strategic considerations, they made an appropriate compromise and promised to pay tribute, so they formed an alliance with Qi and went on strike together. After Qi Huangong's death, Song Xianggong, who succeeded Tubo, overreached himself and wanted to summon the King of Chu who was once detained by Chu. The monarch led his subjects to cross mountains and rivers, expand territory and share weal and woe. In the face of threats from neighboring countries, especially in the face of repeated southward invasions by the northern Zhou army, the Chu people rallied, remained vigilant and prepared for death. The King of Chu has a strong sense of hardship. On the basis of predecessors' hard work, he pays special attention to the traditional education of his subjects, so as to unite people's hearts, boost morale, and seek internal stability and external development. Xiong Tong, Mao Mao's younger brother, was self-reliant, and when he was in Chu, he "forged a better old friendship than the princes", which forced the Zhou Emperor to "give him a big gift" and demanded that Chu "stop the rebellion in the south and not invade China". Zhou's words showed his fear of Chu, but at the same time he had to admit that Chu was the "leader" of the southern barbarians. In 740 BC, East Zhou Pingwang was thirty-one years old. This is of epoch-making significance in the development history of Chu, and it is also an important event in the early Spring and Autumn Period, announcing the rise of a great southern country. Chu Wuwang's son Wang Jian was born in Ying, and the country became stronger. Small countries in Jianghan area are all afraid of Chu. By the time King Chu, the son of King Wen, ascended the throne, he was already "thousands of miles away".
In 638 BC, the two armies of Song and Chu fought in the flood (in the northwest of Zhecheng County, Henan Province), and Song Jun was defeated. He was killed by an arrow and died the following year. Since then, the state of Song has never recovered. In 633 BC, the king of Chu led the armies of Chen, Cai and other countries to besiege Song, and Song asked Jin for help. The battle of Jin and Chu broke out. This is a famous example in the history of China. The state of Jin evaded the enemy first, and defeated the powerful Chu army in one fell swoop when the Chu army was in chaos, thus defeating the momentum of Chu's northward advance. Jin Wengong and Zhong Er also became one of the "five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period" because of their resentment against the Zhou royal family for a hundred years. Although the state of Chu suffered this defeat, its vitality was not hurt and it continued to attack the city. In 606 BC, Chu Zhuangwang made a northern expedition to Lu Hunrong. As for Luoyang, a military parade was held on the outskirts of Wang Du in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. King Ding of Zhou sent the king to work for him, openly inquired about the weight of the tripod that was spread to the country in the Zhou Dynasty, and threatened that the Chu army could cast its hegemony as long as it broke the tripod tip. Since then, the Chu army has been sharp and invincible. At the turn of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Chen and Cai were destroyed one after another, and then Vietnam was destroyed, becoming a very prosperous country, sweeping the southern land and winning the Central Plains. There are as many as forty or fifty small countries annexed by Chu, and there are many.
Today in Hubei, Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu and other places. "Warring States Policy Chu Ce Me" "Chu is a powerful country in the world. There are two counties in western Chu, namely, central Guizhou and Wu Jun, Zhou Xia and Haiyang in the east, Dongting and Cangwu in the south, Fenhong and Fuyang in the north, with a place of five thousand miles. " Although there are gains and losses in the territory of Chu, "in its heyday, it spanned eleven provinces and had more than 300 counties, making it the largest country in the Warring States". This vigorous development of Chu began in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty and lasted for about 700 years. It was not until the end of the Warring States period that Chu Huaiwang made a major decision-making mistake that a turning point appeared. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were frequent separatist regimes and wars in China's history, and it was also an important period of drastic social and political changes. The Zhou dynasty went from decline to disintegration, and the vassal States seized power through the merger war. Among them, Chu has benefited the most. Chu, from a "barbarian" country confined to a corner of Danyang, became the country with the largest "native land of 5,000 miles" during the Warring States period by fighting in the south and in the north, and its development speed was very fast. Undoubtedly, the large-scale ethnic integration formed by the continuous expansion of the territory is an important reason for the vitality and vitality of Chu State.
Patriotism is closely related to tolerant attitude and broad mind. Chu annexed so many countries. Across today's 1 1 provinces, the specific situation is definitely extremely complicated. Mr. Huang Ruiyun said in the article "On the State of Chu": "The civilizations of China are very different, and their historical origins are different. The State of Chu can appease them. In the war, Chu never beheaded tens of thousands like Qin Jun, nor did he see a large number of prisoners. " Mr. Zhang also said in his "History of Chu Culture": "For the subjugation of the country, the trip of Chu people is to move their posts, guard their ancestral temples, county their territory, protect their subjects and use their talents. Even for barbarians, it is quite generous. " Because of this, Chu can win the support of all ethnic groups, show strong openness and cohesion, build a powerful and enterprising multi-ethnic country across the vast fields of the north and south of the river, constantly strengthen the concept of national identity of its subjects, and inspire their patriotism and strong local and national consciousness. It should be said that this is an important internal reason for the rapid development of Chu from small to large and from weak to strong.