Tibet is an inalienable part of China; It has been the territory of China since ancient times, and has long been ruled by the unity of politics and religion. /kloc-In the middle of 0/9th century, after Britain invaded the Indian subcontinent, it pointed its aggression at Tibet. First of all, the purpose is to ensure that India; The status of the United States has not been damaged, and Tibet has become a buffer zone for India and Russia. Secondly, the plunder of Tibet; American wool, leather and mineral resources promoted Indian tea and handicrafts, and further spread to western China through Tibet. Therefore, Britain launched two wars of aggression against Tibet in 1888 and 1903- 1904. By signing the Sino-British Tibet-India Treaty and renewing the Sino-British Tibet-India Treaty and the Sino-British Tibet-India Trade Charter, Britain seized East Asia, including opening up. Britain and Russia invaded Tibet together; Peeping into the northwest made the Qing court feel the crisis in Tibet. Many officials of the Qing government advocated reforms in Tibet and strengthened ties between Tibet and the mainland. 1906, Zhang became the minister of the Ministry of Housing, drafted 24 articles on the aftermath, and advocated training troops in Tibet, raising wages, abolishing tyranny, and developing agriculture and industry and commerce. Before the implementation, Zhang resigned. Lian Fang, the new minister in Tibet, actively promoted the New Deal and set up new institutions such as CCBA, Ministry of Supervision and Academic Affairs Office. At the same time Tibet; At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, the Qing court appointed Zhao Erfeng as Minister of Border Affairs of Sichuan and Yunnan to carry out political reforms in western Sichuan where Tibetans lived in concentrated communities. The reform of the Qing court in Tibet and western Sichuan strengthened the ties between Tibet and the mainland and consolidated the frontier of the motherland. However, the reform implied ethnic discrimination, which was not easy for people in Xizang to support, but was opposed by the upper feudal serf owners in Tibet. After Britain invaded Tibet twice, in order to digest the invasion results and avoid conflicts with Russia, Britain implemented a non-interference policy in Tibet, paid attention to economic penetration and political polarization, fostered invading forces among Tibetan elites, wooed and bribed Tibetan officials, provoked Tibetan-Chinese relations, and created and expanded Tibetan-Chinese contradictions. The reform of the Qing court in Tibet was opposed by the upper class in Tibet. They wrote to suspend the reform, incited the toast to oppose the reform, and directly sent Tibetan troops to attack Sanyan and other places on the edge of Sichuan. In this way, the Qing court decided to restore the central system of stationing in Tibet, and sent Zhong Ying to lead the Sichuan army into Tibet to strengthen its control over Tibet. 191February 12, Sichuan army entered Lhasa. After failing to stop the Sichuan army from hiding, the 13th Dalai Lama fled with Shaza and others and arrived in Darjeeling, India via Yadong, requesting British protection. British Governor Minto, British Parliamentary Secretary in Sikkim Burr and others met with Dalai many times to protect and support him. The news of Wuchang Uprising spread to Tibet, and the Tibet Bureau was once again in turmoil. First of all, the Qing army in Tibet was worried because it could not pay wages. Some members of the army took the opportunity to carry out activities, and some called for abandoning Tibet and returning to Sichuan to instigate. 1911113, Guo, how people mutinied and put Qian Xibao in prison. It was quickly dispersed by Zhong Ying. After Zhong Ying took charge of Tibet, the situation in Lhasa was slightly stable. However, the army that soon conquered Bomi made trouble and robbed on the way back, and clashed with the Tibetan army, involving Gyangze and Shigatse. 19 12 In March, the Sino-Tibetan conflict in Lhasa was also escalated because the army robbed the temple, and the two sides went to war. Britain tried its best to intervene in the Sino-Tibetan conflict in an attempt to separate Tibet from China. Under the instigation of Britain, the noise of so-called Tibetan independence has intensified. After the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911, the newly retired British and Indian Governor Minto had secret talks with the Dalai Lama. Later, officials sent by the Dalai Lama sneaked back to Tibet to incite, and the Dalai Lama was a big three. Back office, responsible for organizing military rebellion. He organized 10000 Tibetan troops and became the commander-in-chief. 19 12 In March, it began to attack the Qing army stationed in Gyangze. After MacDonald's mediation, the British Embassy

1965438+In June, 2002, the Dalai Lama set out from Garenburg and returned to Tibet under the escort of British troops. At the farewell ceremony, British officials said: Look at Tibet; They hope that the Dalai Lama will make every effort to achieve his goal under the condition that China maintains its suzerainty over Tibet without interference. With the support of Britain, the pro-British separatist forces in Tibet are even more rampant. They provoked national hatred and incited the expulsion of Han people. On the edge of Tibet, the Tibetan army moved eastward, cutting off the traffic between Sichuan and Tibet. By mid-June, Tibetan troops had captured Jiangka, Yanjing, Litang and other places, and surrounded Chamudo and Kangding, directly threatening the security of Sichuan and Yunnan provinces. 19 13 At the beginning of this year, the Dalai Lama Qian Zhi went to Cullen to hold secret talks with foreign Mongolian authorities under the protection of Russia. And signed the so-called Mongolia-Tibet Treaty and agreed to recognize each other; Independence from China, help each other. Therefore, the separatist forces in Tibet have been supported by Russia. The Tibet issue has become the main frontier problem that puzzles the Beijing government. Beijing; The American interim government decided to combine repression and appeasement in Tibet, first repression and then appeasement. 1965438+In July 2003, Sichuan Governor Yin led 2500 Sichuan troops to set out from Chengdu. In August, the Sichuan army was divided into two roads, the south road recovered the estuary and Litang, and the north road solved the siege of Muduo and Batang. At the same time, an army sent by Cai E, the governor of Yunnan, recovered the salt wells and other places. By the end of August, the lost land in Sichuan was basically recovered. The successive victories of the Sichuan-Yunnan army made Britain, the backstage boss of Tibet independence, unbearable. It abandoned the so-called non-interference policy and began to openly interfere in China; American internal affairs. On August 17, Britain formally submitted a note to China, stating five points: the British government will not allow China to interfere in Tibet; Internal affairs; Against China officials; The usurpation of Tibet's administrative power does not mean that China will put Tibet on an equal footing with other provinces in the mainland; Britain does not want unlimited China troops to stay in Tibet; The above sections make an agreement first, and the British side applies recognition to nationals; Temporary traffic between China and Tibet through India should be considered as interruption. The British note is an interference in China. Britain knows Yuan Shikai; The American government is eager for the recognition and reference of big countries, so it doesn't; I dare not break off diplomatic relations with England. On September 6th, when meeting with Yan Huiqing, Vice Foreign Minister, John Newell Jordan threatened that if the China government did not stop the Sichuan-Yunnan army from marching westward, Britain would not only deny the China government, but also help Tibet become independent with its strength. Prior to this, when Yuan Shikai talked with him, Yuan promised that China had no intention of turning Tibet into a province. Facing Britain; Due to the tough attitude of the United States, the Beijing Interim Government finally changed its position. On August 30th, the State Council ordered Yin not to make a move to shake the overall situation through negotiations. On September 12, Yin's order was received again, and the whole army had arrived in Qamdo. Therefore, it must not exceed its jurisdiction. The Yunnan army was also ordered to suspend its March. In this way, the Sichuan-Yunnan army basically stopped at the Nujiang line. If force can; Unable to solve it, the Beijing interim government had to turn repression into appeasement. 1912 In September, Zhao Bingjun, Prime Minister of the Cabinet, said at a secret meeting of the Senate that the future policy toward Tibet would be not to implement the new system, to abide by the law as usual and to recognize the Dalai Lama; In order to protect the lives and property of the British in Tibet, he asked the British to return to Tibet and restore his title. 10 year1On October 28th, Yuan Shikai ordered the official restoration of the Dalai Lama; On April 1 the following year, the Panchen Lama, Lian Fang and other troublemakers were punished. The Mongolian Affairs Bureau began drafting the Regulations on the Treatment of Tibet. Lu He, the head nurse in Tibet appointed by Beijing, and Yang Fen, the head of the condolence group, have arrived in India one after another, preparing to go to Tibet to negotiate with the Dalai Lama. 19 12 12 In February, Yuan Shikai summoned the Dalai Lama and sent another Commissioner to Gande.

Beijing's contact with the Dalai Lama failed to finally resolve the Tibet issue peacefully. Except the Dalai Lama; This is mainly due to British interference and obstruction. Since the British side submitted a note on August 17, 2007, the British and Indian authorities cut off the traffic from India to Tibet. Yang Fen, Lu and others are all stranded in India. Letters and telegrams sent by Yang Fen to the Dalai Lama, Kabulun and others were all detained by the British side, and the British side blocked them from hiring people to deliver them. Later, indirect contact was established with Dalai through his Tashi Wangdui. American negotiator in India. Britain does not recognize Lu as the head nurse of Tibet, nor does it allow him to communicate with Tibetans, otherwise he will be ordered to leave India. With the encouragement and support of Britain, at the end of 19 12, the Dalai Lama called Yuan Shikai, claiming that all the officers and men in the Han Dynasty had retreated and they were living a peaceful life. The Tibetan authorities decided that if the government of the Republic of China sent troops to Tibet and Tibetans could not stop it, they would ask the British to stop it and give them a privileged reward. Pro-British separatist forces in Tibet rely on Britain; The United States supported and closed the door to consultation. Repression and appeasement are not feasible, and the Beijing government must negotiate with Britain to solve the Tibet issue. Finally, it evolved into the Simla Conference.