Treaty of nanking 1842 UK

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1. Cut Hong Kong Island to Britain

2. Compensation of 2 1 ten thousand silver dollars.

3. Open Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports.

4. The tariff rate levied by China Customs on goods imported and exported by British businessmen should be agreed with the British side.

affect

1. China has become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

2. The main contradiction is the contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class.

It has become a contradiction between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation, feudalism and the people.

3. The contradiction between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation has become the main contradiction.

4. Since then, the people of China have shouldered the dual revolutionary task of opposing foreign capitalist aggression and domestic feudal rule.

5. China entered the period of old democratic revolution.

Five-port Trade Charter and Humen Treaty 1844 Britain

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Consular jurisdiction, unilateral MFN treatment and the detention of leased land and houses in trading ports were all taken from it.

Wang Xia Huangpu Treaty 1844 US-France

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Get more positive rights and interests

Treaty of Tianjin 1858 Russia, the United States, Britain and France

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1. Foreign Minister accredited to Beijing

2. There are 10 commercial ports along the coast.

3. Foreign warships and merchant ships can sail in the Yangtze River port.

Foreigners can travel, trade and preach in Chinese mainland.

5. The Qing government compensated Britain and France for 2 million taels of silver each, and British businessmen for 2 million taels of silver.

Beijing Treaty 1860 Russia

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1. The Qing government recognized the validity of the Tianjin Treaty.

2. Tianjin is open for trade.

3. Allocate part of Kowloon Division to Britain.

4. The reparations to Britain and France increased to 8 million taels each.

The Joint Influence of Tianjin Clause and Beijing Treaty

The Qing government began to be controlled by foreign powers, and Chinese and foreign reactionary forces openly colluded to suppress the resistance of the people of China.

The semi-colonial and semi-feudal degree of China has deepened.

Beijing Treaty 1860 Russia

By 19 in the 1980s, it occupied more than10.5 million square kilometers in the northeast and northwest of China.

Treaty of shimonoseki1April 895.

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1. Cut Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan Province Province and its affiliated islands and Penghu Islands to Japan.

2. Compensation for Japanese military expenditure of 200 million taels of silver.

3. Open Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou and Hangzhou as commercial ports, and Japanese ships can sail into these ports along inland rivers.

4. Japanese can invest and set up factories in China's trading ports, and the products are sold in the mainland of China without domestic tax.

affect

1. China's territory and sovereignty suffered heavy losses again.

2. From then on, imperialism scrambled to carve up its sphere of influence in China and set off a frenzy to carve up China.

3. Forcing the Qing government to borrow heavily from the big powers.

4. After the opening of the port, foreign aggression forces further infiltrated into the mainland of China.

Allowing Japan to invest and set up factories in China has expanded the channels for Japan to export capital to China and seriously hindered the development of Chinese national capitalism.

6. The degree of semi-colonization of China society has greatly deepened.

Treaty of Love and Ugliness1901September Britain, the United States, Russia, Japan, France, Germany, Italy and Austria

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1. The Qing government compensated 450 million taels of silver from various countries and paid it off in 39 years, with a total principal and interest of 980 million taels.

2. The compensation is guaranteed by China's customs duties and salt taxes, and China's tax revenue is controlled by foreign countries to a greater extent.

3. Establish an "embassy circle" in Dongjiaominxiang, Beijing. During his term of office, China people are not allowed to live, and troops are stationed in various places for protection.

4. Dismantle the battery from Beijing to Dagu, and allow countries to send troops to strategic locations along the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan.

5. Severely punish officials who "opposed" foreign powers in the Boxer Rebellion, and forever prohibit China people from establishing and joining various anti-imperialist organizations.

6. Change the Prime Minister's yamen to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ranking above the six ministries.

affect

Such an embassy circle became the occupied land of the great powers in the capital of China.

The Qing government has completely become a tool for imperialism to rule China and suppress the people.

The powers can strengthen their control over the Qing government through diplomatic channels.

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The following is a list of treaties that the China government or most people in China consider unequal.

China-Russia-Mongolia Treaty (signed on June 7, 2005 (19 15) by China, Russia and outer Mongolia).

People's Republic of China (PRC) Article 4 Treaty (Article 21) (signed by China, Japan and Beijing on May 25, 2004 (19 15)).

Manzhouli Border Agreement (19 1 1 year (3 years in Xuan Tong) 65438+February 20th, China and Russia, signed in Manzhouli).

China and Britain renewed the Tibet-India Treaty (1906 (thirty-two years of Guangxu), April 27th, signed in Beijing).

The meeting between China and Japan in the three northeastern provinces is about (1905 (Guangxu 3 1 year) 65438+February 22nd, and the signing place is Beijing).

The Treaty of Love and Ugliness (190 1 year (the 27th year of Guangxu), signed in Beijing).

Guangzhou Bay Concession Treaty (time: 1899 (25th year of Guangxu) 165438+ 10/6); Signing place: Guangzhou Bay; China and French)

Make an appointment for ahava (time: 1898 (Guangxu 24th year) July1; Signing place: Beijing; China and the United Kingdom)

Special article on expanding Hong Kong's borders (time: 1898 (Guangxu 24th year), June 9th; Signing place: Beijing; China and the United Kingdom)

The Sino-Russian Land Lease Treaty (1898 (the 24th year of Guangxu)) was signed in Beijing on March 27th. 1On May 7th, 898, the land renewal treaty of the brigade was signed in Petersburg, Russia).

Sino-German Jiaoao Concession Treaty (1898 (the 24th year of Guangxu reign), March 6th, Beijing; China and German)

Sino-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896 (22nd year of Guangxu), signed in Beijing on July 26th, 2 1).

Sino-Russian Secret Treaty (1June 3, 896 (Guangxu 22nd year), Moscow)

Treaty of shimonoseki (1895 (Guangxu 2 1) April 17, Shimonoseki and Japan)

Sino-British Conference (1890 (Guangxu16) March 17, Kolkata, India; Supplementary revision:1893 65438+February 5, Darjeeling)

Sino-British Yantai Treaty (1876 (Guangxu 2 years) Yantai; China and the United Kingdom)

Special performance between China and Japan in Beijing (1874 (Tongzhi 13)65438+ 10/)

On the Northwest Border between China and Russia (1864 (Tongzhi 3 years) 65438+1October 7, Talbahatai)

Sino-German Trade Treaty (Tianjin September 2 186 1 (Xianfeng, 1 1))

the treaty of beijing

Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty (1860 (Xianfeng10)165438+10/4, Beijing)

Beijing Sino-French Treaty (1860 (Xianfeng 10) 10, Beijing)

Sino-British Beijing Treaty (1860 (Xianfeng 10) 10, Beijing)

Tianjin treaty

Sino-French Treaty of Tianjin (Tianjin, 1858 (June 27th, Xianfeng 8th year))

Sino-British Treaty of Tianjin (Tianjin, 1858 (eighth year of Xianfeng), June 26th)

Sino-American Treaty of Tianjin (Tianjin, 1858 (June 8, Xianfeng))

Sino-Russian Treaty of Tianjin (Tianjin, 1858 (June 8, Xianfeng))

Sino-Russian treaty of infatuation (Aihui, 1858 (eighth year of Xianfeng), May 28th)

Lease of British-French-American Concession in Shanghai (Shanghai, 1854 (July 5th, Xianfeng, 4th year))

Ili Sino-Russian Talbahatai Trade Charter (Ili, 185 1 (the first year of Xianfeng), August 6th)

Huangpu Treaty (1844 (24 th year of Daoguang) 65438+24 October, with Huangpu, France)

Wang Xia Treaty (1844 (24th year of Daoguang), signed with the United States and Wang Xia on July 3rd).

Treaty of Humen (1843 (23 years of Daoguang) 10/0/8 October, with Britain, Humen)

Treaty of nanking (1842 (twenty-two years of Daoguang), August 29th, and Nanjing, England).

19 17 years, Germany and Austria-Hungary became hostile countries of China in World War I, and the unequal treaties were abolished. 19 17 The Soviet Union voluntarily gave up its privileges in China (it was not fully realized afterwards, nor did it return the territory acquired in the treaty). 1943, the United States and Britain voluntarily gave up their privileges in China. Italy and Japan lost their special status because they became enemies of China in World War II. 1946, the French gave up their privileges in China.

1949 after the establishment of the government of People's Republic of China (PRC) (PRC), all the unequal treaties signed before were not recognized.

China has a long history, and we once ruled the world for a long time. At one time, it was far ahead in military affairs, economy, culture, science and technology and even social civilization. The long-term appearance of this phenomenon has accumulated a strong sense of superiority of our nation. Today, we often use the "four great inventions" to encourage ourselves. Until the end of the Qing Dynasty, we were beaten because of our long-term self-feeling, pampering, lack of progress and ruthlessness. But we don't have to complain too much about the violence of the invaders. Because in this world, survival is the law of survival. Almost at the same time, our neighbor, Japan, which has always taken us as a teacher, has also been invaded by western powers. But the difference is that after being beaten, Japan began to face up to the changes in the world and found its own system backward, so it abandoned China and turned its attention to the west and learned from it. Then, in just a few decades, we made ourselves strong and integrated into the position of a big country. At this time, China was still clinging to the East and West left by its ancestors and continued to endure the oppression of foreign powers. This is the difference!

Influenced by thousands of years of Confucian culture, our nation has become very tolerant. However, the more patient you are, the more bullied you are, and finally you are on the verge of extinction. However, China, after all, has a long history and a vast territory, and it is difficult to destroy us. Sure enough, despite the long and crazy aggression of the invaders, we finally became independent. Leading our independence is a group of political parties composed of workers and peasants. Most of them were born in poverty, and Chairman Mao, the supreme leader, was only a normal student from a peasant background. To tell the truth, it is not easy for these people to lead China to independence. It is difficult for them to lead the people of China to prosperity. After all, everything is new, and for those who have little experience in economy and construction, they have to explore it slowly!

So, we began to copy the Soviet model (but there was nothing we could do at that time, after all, we had no good way ourselves). Then we started to build a commune and eat the same pot. The social atmosphere is good, fair and United. However, if the output does not go up, food and clothing is still a problem. However, * * * has always been indomitable, so I will not lose heart and continue to do it. Perhaps people who have been poor for a long time are too eager for high yield and development! So some dreamers began to paint beautiful blueprints for people, such as "one radish weighs a thousand kilograms, two mules can't pull it", "three years ahead of Britain and five years ahead of America" and so on, so there was the Great Leap Forward and boasting. In fact, I don't think the leaders at that time were fools. Of course they know that the following words are grandiose, but they are the voice of the people. We should give them some hope, otherwise, how can we explain it to them? I used to tell people that socialism is much better, but now I am still poor. At this time, some radicals took advantage of this opportunity to wreak havoc and cause social unrest. Of course, we can't let this phenomenon continue. So the central government took decisive measures to break away from convention and turn to market economy regardless of international public opinion (since we can't build it ourselves, let others invest). Then we open the country, open the market, let foreign capital come in, and everyone benefits, no matter what its surname is.

China at this time is obviously poor enough and afraid of poverty. Seeing the benefits of opening up, I decided to expand opening up and put forward the theory that "no matter whether it is a red cat or a black cat, it is a good cat if it can catch mice." In other words, no matter what method is used, as long as it can get the economy going, it is a good method. The standard for evaluating political achievements is the same-GDP. Therefore, resources are exploited wantonly in various places, minerals are sold wildly, the market attracts foreign investment, and it is unscientific to investigate whether it is reasonable or not. As a result, our resources have been overexploited and wasted, and the environment has been seriously damaged. In some places, this is simply devastating. Then our economy has made rapid progress in just 30 years. In this way, the government has made an account of the people, officials have made achievements, and at the same time * * * has theoretical capital. So he trumpeted his greatness, saying that "without * *, there would be no new China" and "Theory of Three Represents". Is that really the case? In fact, for us ordinary people, there is no need to instill these theories in us. As long as it can make our life better and our society fairer and more harmonious, you are a good party, no matter you are the Kuomintang. So just do the practical work, there is no need to shout slogans there!

The rapid development of China in recent decades has shocked the world. We are lucky to have done what others have done for hundreds of years in 20 or 30 years, but there is no need to brag or be thankful. Because almost everything is just the transfer of developed economies to our vast market, and all we do is open the door and let others in. In order to make money, foreign investors come to China to set up factories, transport machines to China, set up shops, build hotels and engage in real estate in China ... So we soon have everything: cities are mushrooming and modern, which has directly achieved leap-forward development. Many things, we don't need to research and invent at all, just follow the ready-made imitation, as long as we know how to use them. So today, we have a lot of counterfeit goods and counterfeit goods. Most things have no independent intellectual property rights, so they have no right to speak. China has a large population, abundant products, cheap raw materials, cheap labor and low cost, so even though our products are not very good, they are still competitive. This is our advantage, but in the long run, it may ruin our future. Because we ignore how to improve the quality of products, how to improve the scientific and technological content of products, how to develop better products, how to make management more scientific and effective, and just blindly pursue low cost and low price.

The influx of foreign capital and the rapid economic development are a shock to an inexperienced country like ours. The influx of foreign capital will inevitably bring a series of foreign ideas, culture and other things. We have no time or experience to examine the rationality of these things, so we have to accept them all. So we spent 30 years in this environment of imitating others, and gradually lost ourselves, lost many of our excellent traditions and became neither fish nor fowl. With the rapid development of economy, a series of social problems are gradually exposed, such as imperfect legal system, imperfect system, unreasonable system and inadequate management. Then began to improve the legal system, improve the system, modify the system, strengthen management, but these are obviously too backward. Many unreasonable things have been formed for a long time, and they have been acquiesced by people and become unspoken rules. At this time, you just say no, obviously it is difficult to achieve results. This is why our society is corrupt but can't be changed. Many things have been formed and accepted, and it is difficult to change.

The recent Twelfth Five-Year Plan proposes to adjust the economic structure and guide economic transformation. This shows that the central government has seen the deformity of our economic development. In the past, our economic development was at the expense of consuming a lot of resources and destroying the environment, so today we have to change. And proposed to complete the economic transformation in the next five to ten years, but I think this is a bit crazy. Because there is not a large number of scientific and technological talents for protection. China's education system determines that we can't reach the R&D level of Europe, America, Japan and other countries. We can win the championship in the Olympic Games in mathematics and get full marks in every subject, but we can't win the Nobel Prize. Because our evaluation standard for students is test scores, just as the evaluation of officials' political achievements only looks at GDP, this is a mistake in itself. Under this wrong standard, how can we produce good results? In addition, our academic circles are as corrupt as other sectors of society, and there are too many academic frauds, but not many people are really talented and knowledgeable.

Throughout the rise of world powers, each has different historical opportunities and its own characteristics, but the only constant is education. What they have in common is that they all attach great importance to education, put education first, respect knowledge and attach importance to talents. And we China want to really rise, there are still many things to do, the most important thing is to reform the education system, attach importance to education, and rectify the style of study!