Scripps newspaper group
Also known as Scripps-MacRae newspaper joint organization, it was founded by Edward Scripps and Milton MacRae in 1889. Its main founder, Scripps (1854— 1925), is an ugly and eccentric peasant disciple. 1878, he founded the Cleveland News, the first newspaper of the newspaper group, and formally formed the newspaper group with Milton in 1889. To 19 1 1, the newspaper group owns 18 newspapers. Most of these newspapers are cheap and popular evening papers. In order to provide news for these newspapers, he founded united press international in 1907. In newspaper business, he insisted on using headlines and short messages, omitting redundant words, and making newspapers publish as many news and comments as possible. His goal is to develop workers in small and medium-sized industrial cities in America. Therefore, in terms of ideological tendency, his newspaper basically represents the interests of the lower class, so that some people call Scripps "the warrior of the people." He once made it clear: "My important principle is to support the interests of most poor people all my life. They have little knowledge and are short of clothes and food. In order to give them equal status and accept the treatment that human beings deserve, they must be led to fight against the rich and advanced intellectuals. " He declared that he protested everything. His motto is: "Everything is wrong." He described himself as an antisocial "old monster". But in the final analysis, his goal is to establish a progressive democratic system. This is very different from the real workers' newspaper.
Different from other journalists at that time, Scripps thought it was better to start his own newspaper than to buy it. So his method of expanding the newspaper industry is also very special. Usually, he chooses an industrial city with a population of 500-65438+ 10,000, and then sends outstanding employees of the company to run a newspaper with the company's advance payment of 25,000 yuan. If the newspaper is successful, the company will enjoy 565,438+0% equity, and the rest will be owned by the founder of the newspaper. If it fails unfortunately, the company will bear all the losses. In this way, although the salary paid to employees is very small, the hope of success still inspires them to work hard. From 1893 to 1925, Scripps Newspaper Group added 1-6 newspapers every year on average. 1925 When Scripps died, the total assets of the newspaper group was 50 million dollars, which was an unprecedented figure in the history of world news.
Manxi newspaper group
Frank Muncie founded Muncie Newspaper Group. In the history of journalism, Muncie is a poor and pretentious journalist. He started to enter the publishing industry in new york by founding the youth magazine "Golden Fleet". Mansi Weekly 1889 was successfully established. 1900 issued 650,000 copies in this issue, with an annual profit of 500,000 USD. By 1905, his annual income reached 1 ten thousand dollars. However, his ideal is to establish a huge national newspaper consortium, which is led by a group of the best editors and managers in the United States. 190 1 year, he began to March into the press and bought new york Daily News and Washington Times as the core of his newspaper group. The following year, I bought the Boston News. 1908 bought Baltimore Evening News and founded Philadelphia Times. He bought another new york newspaper. 19 16 before buying the new York sun. 1920 acquired the controlling stake in The New York Herald. Muncie is ambitious and ready to make a lot of money. But even this would not be enough So these newspapers are either closed or sold to others. 1925, when Muncie was negotiating to buy Chicago Daily News for100000, death took his life. According to his will, most of his $20 million fortune was donated to the new york Art Museum, and his newspaper group disappeared.
Muncie's journalism career is full of cold business colors. Coupled with his rude attitude towards the staff and pure snobbery, many journalists hate him. After his death, someone once sarcastically said, "Frank Muncie contributed to the journalism of his time with the talent of butchers, the morality of money changers and the style of funeral people. Muncie and people like him almost succeeded in turning this once noble career into collateral with an annual interest rate of 8%. " This really hit the nail on the head.
Hearst newspaper group
When the yellow news was declining, Hearst showed his existence with his huge newspaper group. Before 1900, Hearst had only three newspapers, namely the New York News and the San Francisco Examiner. At this time, Scripps newspaper group has begun to take shape. But Hearst is not far behind. 1900 began to develop in Chicago, founded the American Evening News magazine, and 1902 ran the Chicago Checker. 1904, the American newspaper was founded in Boston. This is the starting point of Hearst Newspaper Group. 19 10 years later, Hearst newspaper group expanded rapidly. 19 12 years, he marched into the south and bought telephones in Georgia and San Francisco. 19 17 bought Boston's Daily News, 19 18 bought Chicago's Forward, and 19 19 bought Washington Times and Wisconsin News. 1920 acquired Boston records, 192 1 acquired Detroit times. 1922, Hearst bought seven newspapers at a time. Up to now, Hearst Newspaper Group owns 20 daily newspapers and 1 1 weekly newspapers, which are distributed in 13 largest cities in the United States. At the same time, he also owns two news agencies, the largest feature supply agency in China, six magazines, a film studio and a film company. Together with a radio station founded later, it formed an all-encompassing news kingdom. The history of British newspaper monopoly was initiated by the famous journalist Lord Northcliffe (also known as Lord Northcliffe). By World War II, the British newspaper market had been controlled by some powerful newspaper groups. Among them, the most influential are Northern Rock Newspaper Group, beaverbrook Newspaper Group and Westminster Newspaper Group.
Beiyan newspaper group
Al Flatt Hamsworth (1865— 1922), the founder of the newspaper group, is a master of British news. 1905 was named Lord Northcliffe. This newspaper magnate from Irish lawyer family is a rare news genius. As early as childhood, he contributed to the famous magazine Didi. 17 years old, officially became an assistant editor of a magazine. 1In June, 888, harms Voss founded Answer magazine, which was a great success. 1894, he bought the bankrupt evening paper at a very low price and kept it the highest circulation of the world evening paper for a long time. From 65438 to 0896, harms Voss founded the successful mass newspaper Daily Mail, calling itself a "busy newspaper" and a "poor newspaper", which achieved great success. 1899 had a circulation of over 500,000 copies, making it one of the largest newspapers in the world at that time. 1900, harms Voss bought the Weekly Express. The Daily Mirror was founded on 1903. 1905 bought the observer. What is particularly surprising is that 1908, harms Voss regained control of the times. Together with many other local newspapers and magazines, harms Worth established the largest newspaper group in British history.
Hamsworth is one of the most influential journalists in the history of British and world news. In Britain, he is called "Napoleon of Fleet Street". 1905 was awarded the title of nobility. During the First World War, he took an active part in political activities, supported the war against Germany, boldly exposed the shortcomings, advocated military reform, and became a political figure with temporary power. At the end of the war, he was appointed as the wartime British ambassador to the United States, and served as the wartime propaganda director for the enemy, presiding over the propaganda work for Germany. Under his leadership, British propaganda fighters distributed nearly 20 million leaflets to German positions by plane, which played an extremely important role in disintegrating German morale. After the death of harms Voss 1922, his newspaper group continued to be presided over by his brother Lord Rothermere, and later gradually evolved into a "joint newspaper company".
Beaverbrook Newspaper Group
William aitken (1879— 1964), the founder of newspaper group, was born in a poor Canadian family. His childhood experience was very bumpy. Later, he got an inheritance of $50,000 from one of his employers and made a fortune by doing business with it. 19 10, aitken moved to Britain and joined the Conservative Party. 19 17 was made Lord beaverbrook. Since then, he has held important cabinet positions: Minister of Propaganda, Minister of Supply and Minister of Seal, and is one of the famous decision makers of the Conservative Party. In the same year that he was made a nobleman, he bought the Daily Mail. 19 18 controlled London Daily Express and founded Sunday Express. 1923, beaverbrook bought the Standard Evening News and several local newspapers and became one of the six major newspaper groups in Britain at that time. As a reporter, beaverbrook appreciates the practice of American yellow newspaper giant Hearst. Therefore, his newspaper group also pursues yellow stimulation and sensational effect. Its Daily Express and Sunday Express were one of the most popular daily newspapers and Sunday newspapers in Britain at that time. In the history of news, beaverbrook is known as Hurst of England.
Westminster newspaper group
Also known as Stam Newspaper Group, Stam and Codley were co-founded after the end of World War I.. It is named because its core newspaper is the Westminster Gazette in London. In the 1920s, The Westminster Gazette was merged by The Daily News. As a result, the newspaper group lost the only and most important newspaper in London. After World War II, the newspaper group owned four morning newspapers, nine evening newspapers and one weekly newspaper in nine local cities in Britain. For example, in terms of the number of newspapers, it ranks third among the major newspaper groups in Britain. However, due to the lack of national authoritative newspapers as the core, the status of newspaper groups in the British press does not match the number of seats. /kloc-In the middle and late 20th century, with the concentration of production capital, German newspaper monopoly gradually developed. By the 1990s, some newspaper companies appeared in Germany, which controlled many newspapers and magazines. Before the First World War, there were three most influential newspaper monopoly companies: Ullstein Newspaper Group, Mo Ze Newspaper Group and Schell Newspaper Group.
Ullstein Newspaper Group
Its owner, Ullstein, is Jewish. Engaged in paper industry and printing industry in his early years. 1889 started the newspaper business. 1898, he founded the popular newspapers Berlin German News and Berlin Morning Post. After Ullstein died, his son took over the business and founded the popular newspaper Berlin Noon on 1904. The newspaper group owns five important daily newspapers, 10 weekly newspaper, 10 monthly newspaper, bookstores, printing houses and advertising agencies. Its main daily newspapers are Berlin Morning Post, Berlin German News, Voss News and Berlin Noon and Evening Times. Among them, Berlin Morning Post has the largest sales volume, with a circulation of 400,000 copies in 19 13, making it the largest newspaper in Germany. Because the boss of the newspaper group is Jewish, it became the first target of the Nazi party after Hitler came to power. Ullstein newspaper group was finally confiscated by the violence of the Nazi Party.
Moss newspaper group
Rudolf Mo Ze, the boss of the newspaper group, is also a German Jew. 1867, Mo Ze began to set up an advertising company, and in the late 1960s, Advertising Newspaper was published. 187 1 year, Mo Ze founded a popular newspaper, Berlin Daily, which published a large number of advertisements to attract customers and readers. On this basis, Mosai expanded steadily and established its own newspaper group. In addition to Berlin Daily, the newspaper group also has three important daily newspapers, Berliner, Berlin Morning News and Timely Evening News, as well as nine weekly magazines, an advertising company and a news agency. Because Mo Ze was a Jew, in the anti-Semitic movement initiated by Hitler's Nazi government, Mo Ze Newspaper Group was also accepted by Hitler's official Eyer Publishing Company.
Schell newspaper group
Different from the above two newspaper groups, the boss of Schell Newspaper Group is an authentic German. He founded the Berlin Local News on 1883, which started as a weekly newspaper and changed to a daily newspaper two years later. Taking this as a starting point, Schell founded a number of newspapers and established the Schell Newspaper Group. During the First World War, Schell Newspaper Group encountered operational difficulties. Ullstein Newspaper Group originally intended to buy it, but at that time, the German emperor stepped in and instructed Krupp Konzern's chairman Hu Genbao to pay for it. As a result, Schell Newspaper Group was transferred to Huguenot and became Huguenot Newspaper Group. During the period of Huguenot control, the newspaper group developed greatly. It has three daily newspapers, 1 local newspaper groups, nine weekly magazines, six business magazines, two advertising companies, 1 news agency, 1 film company and 150 theaters in Berlin. After Hitler came to power, the newspaper group was composed of the leaders of the national socialist party, which directly controlled the editorial and speech policies of its newspaper group and became the propaganda tool of the Nazi party. Among western countries, French newspaper monopoly started late. It lags behind not only the United States and Britain, but also Germany. This is because in France, the newspaper of speech (party newspaper) has been the main body for a long time. Although Izvestia (a popular newspaper) developed greatly in the middle and late 9th century, party newspapers still occupy an important position. Not only that, Izvestia itself is an independent "commercial newspaper" on the surface, but secretly colludes with political parties, governments and business circles, and is politically dependent and financially subsidized. Therefore, it is difficult for newspapers in Paris to form a monopoly organization. The emergence of French monopoly newspaper groups was after the First World War. At that time, there were mainly the following newspaper groups: Provoost newspaper group, Winter family newspaper group, Huang Fengying newspaper group and Catholic newspaper group.
Provoost Special Newspaper Group
Prouvost Steer, the owner of the newspaper group, was originally the owner of a large wool textile company. 19 17 started to March into the newspaper industry and bought it home. 1924 bought Paris morning post, 1930 bought Paris evening post and uncompromising newspaper. In addition, the newspaper group also published some pictorial based on American magazines, such as Mary Clare, a female pictorial, and paris match, an imitation of American Life Pictorial. The most influential newspaper in Provoost Astor Newspaper Group is Paris Evening News. The newspaper attracts readers with a lot of social news, crime news and human feelings news, and uses a lot of news pictures. Its political and economic news reports also strive to be concise and to the point, without making long speeches. From 65438 to 0939, the circulation of this newspaper reached 2 million, making it the largest daily newspaper in France.
Wende family newspaper group
Wende family newspaper group was founded by Wende family. This family is a famous French manufacturer of copper, iron and arms. After the First World War, the Wenders entered the press, and successively acquired The Times, Tribune, News and Industrial Daily, and held some shares in Morning Post, Paris Echo and Hawass News Agency. One of the most influential is The Times, a newspaper with a long history of public opinion. This newspaper used to be a semi-official agency of the government. During World War II, The Times became the organ of Vichy government. After the recovery of France, the government of Charles de Gaulle confiscated all the newspapers attached to it. Wende Shijia Newspaper Group finally crossed the stage.
Huang Fengying Newspaper Group
The owner of Huang Fengying Newspaper Group is Fran? ois Pottino, the owner of the famous French cosmetics company Huang Fengying. He entered the press in the 1920s, bought and founded a series of newspapers, and initially established a newspaper group. The most famous newspapers of this newspaper group are le figaro and Friends of the People. 1933, under the impact of the economic crisis, Huang Fengying newspaper group sold newspapers such as le figaro one after another. The following year, Pottino died, and the newspaper group collapsed immediately.
Generally speaking, the process of newspaper monopoly in France started late, and the degree of monopoly concentration is far less than that in the United States, Britain and other countries. The economic scale of monopoly newspaper groups is relatively small, which is an important feature of French newspaper monopoly.