The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were also the foundation period of China's history and culture. Many of our allusions and idioms were formed in this period.
Provide their own services
In the Spring and Autumn Period, Zhao was defeated in Changping. Tian Lei, the leader of Qin Jun, led the attack and surrounded Handan, the capital of Zhao. At present, Zhao's situation is very critical. The king of Zhao ordered Zhao Sheng to go to Chu to seek the help of soldiers. Ping Yuanjun called the public and wanted to select 20 all-rounders to go with him. He chose and chose, chose and chose, and finally one person was missing. At this time, the doorman recommended himself and said, "I count one!" " "Ping Yuanjun see his repeated demands, reluctantly agreed. In the State of Chu, the King of Chu only received Ping Yuanjun. Two people sat in the temple, from morning to noon, with no result. Mao Sui stepped up the steps and shouted at a distance, "It's either good or bad to send troops. Simple and clear. Why not discuss it without deciding? The king of Chu was very angry and asked Ping Yuanjun, "Who is this man?" Ping Yuanjun replied: "This man's name is Mao Sui, but he is my guest!" ! "The king of Chu shouted," get off! I'm talking to your master. What are you doing here? " Seeing that the king of Chu was angry, Mao Sui did not step down, but went up several steps. He put down his sword and said, "Now, in ten steps, your king's life is in my hands! When the king of Chu saw that Mao Sui was so brave, he stopped scolding him, so he listened to Mao Sui. Mao Sui made a very incisive analysis of the truth of catching aid and Chu. Mao sui's words convinced the king of Chu and promised to send troops at once.
A few days later, Chu, Wei and other countries jointly sent troops to help Zhao. Qin Jun retreated. After returning to Zhao, he became a national guest. He sighed and said, "When Mr. Mao arrived in Chu, the king of Chu dared not look down upon Zhao."
From historical records? Biography of Ping Yuanjun Jade Qing
"Self-recommendation": a metaphor for recommending a job without being introduced by others. Zhuzi "refers to the thinkers and works that reflected the interests of all classes and strata in the ideological field of this period. It is also the general name of various political schools from pre-Qin to Han, and it is a private school that emerged after the Spring and Autumn Period. "A hundred schools of thought contend" shows that there were many thinkers at that time, but it was also an exaggeration. The main figures are Confucius, Mencius, Mozi, Xunzi, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Liezi, Han Feizi, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai, Xu Xing, Gao Zi, Yang Zi, Gong Sun, Keiko, Sun Wu, Sun Bin, Zhang Yi, Su Qin, Tian Pian, Shen Zi, Yin Wen, Zou Yan and Lv Buwei.
Regarding the classification of the hundred schools, Sima Tan listed six schools. "This is the focus of the Six Classics: Yi Da Legend:' The world is consistent without worry, and all roads lead to the same goal. The husband's yin and yang, Confucianism and Mohism, fame and fortune, France and Germany, this matter is also the ruler "("Historical Records, Biography of Taishigong "). Liu Xin's "Seven Views" in Hanshu can be divided into ten schools: Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Law, Ming, Mohism, Vertical and Horizontal, Miscellaneous, Agriculture and Novel. In addition to novelists, they are called "nine-legged and full".
The following schools of thought contend: 1, Confucianism (represented by Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi), Taoism (represented by Yang Zhu and Laozi and Zhuangzi), Mohism (represented by Mozi), Legalism (represented by Shang Yang and Han Feizi), and Military strategist (represented by Sun Wu and Sun Bin).
Confucianists
One of the important schools of thought in the Warring States period, it took Confucius as the teacher, took the six arts as the method, advocated "propriety and benevolence", advocated "loyalty and forgiveness" and impartial "golden mean", advocated "rule by virtue" and "benevolent government", and attached importance to moral and ethical education and human cultivation.
Confucianism emphasizes the role of education, and thinks that attaching importance to education and neglecting punishment is the only way for the country to be stable and the people to be rich and happy. Advocate "education without class", both the ruler and the ruled should be educated, so that the whole country can become a virtuous person.
Politically, he also advocated ruling the country by courtesy and convincing people by virtue, and called for the restoration of the "Zhou Li", which he thought was the ideal way to realize ideal politics. By the Warring States period, there were eight schools of Confucianism, among which Mencius and Xunzi were the most important.
dao jia xue pai
One of the important schools in the Warring States period, also known as "Taoists". Based on Laozi's "Tao" theory at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, this school uses "Tao" to explain the essence, origin, composition and change of all things in the universe. It is believed that heaven does nothing and everything is transformed naturally. It denies that gods and ghosts dominate everything, advocates that Taoism is natural, let nature take its course, and advocates that quietism and women should be soft. The political ideal is "a small country with few people" and "governing by doing nothing". After Laozi, Taoism was divided into different factions. There are four famous schools: Zhuangzi School, Yang Zhu School, Song Yin School and Huang Lao School.
mohists
An important school in the Warring States Period was founded by Mo Zhai.
The theoretical basis of this school is "mutual love and mutual benefit": treat others as yourself; Love is to love others as yourself. The purpose of "mutual benefit" can only be achieved by "blind date in the world" Politically, he advocated respecting sages and Shang Tong without attacking; Economically, it advocates vigorously saving costs; Put forward the idea of respecting heaven and ghosts. At the same time, he also put forward the idea of "non-destiny", emphasizing self-reliance
Mohism has a strict organization, and most of its members come from the lower classes. According to legend, everyone can get rid of fire and knife to motivate themselves. His disciples engaged in debate, which is called "Mo Debate"; Those who engage in martial arts are called "Moxia"; The leader called it a "giant". Its discipline is strict, it is said that "the law of ink, the murderer dies, the injured person is punished" ("Lv Chunqiu Smuggling").
After Mo Zhai's death, he split into three factions. By the late Warring States period, it merged into two branches: one focused on the study of epistemology, logic, mathematics, optics, mechanics and other disciplines, which was called "Mohist post-study" (also known as "late Mohist"), and the other was transformed into a ranger in the Qin and Han Dynasties.
Legalist school
One of the important schools of thought in the Warring States period was called Legalist because it advocated the rule of law, "Don't be intimate, don't be extremely expensive, and get rid of the law". In the Spring and Autumn Period, Guan Zhong and Zi Chan were the pioneers of legalist thought. In the early Warring States period, Li Kui, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai and Shen Dao founded the Legalist School. By the end of the Warring States period, Han Fei had integrated Shang Yang's "Fa", Shen Dao's "Teacher" and Shen Wu's "Shu" and combined the thoughts and theories of Legalists.
Economically, this school advocates abandoning mineral fields, emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce, and rewarding farming; Politically, it advocates abolishing the enfeoffment system, setting up counties, autocratic monarchy, taking advantage of the situation and ruling by severe punishment and strict law; In ideological education, we should ban the theory of a hundred schools of thought, take law as teaching and officials as teachers. His theory provides a theoretical basis and action strategy for the establishment of a unified monarchy.
There are 2 17 legalist works recorded in Hanshu, and nearly half of them exist, among which Shang Jun and Han Feizi are the most important.
Logician school
One of the important schools of thought in the Warring States period was called a famous scholar by later generations because of its main academic activities in debating names (names and concepts) and facts (facts and reality). At that time, people called them "debaters", "judges" or "famous criminals". Representative figures are Hui Shi and GongSunLong.
the Yin-Yang School
One of the important schools of thought in the Warring States period was named after advocating the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements, and using it to explain social personnel. This school originated from the ruling class in charge of astronomical calendars in ancient times, and its representative was Zou Yan, a Qi man in the Warring States Period.
Yin-yang theory holds that Yin-yang is the opposing and transforming force of things themselves, which can be used to explain the law of development and change of things. The five elements theory holds that everything is composed of five elements: wood, fire, earth, gold and water, and there are two laws that can be used to explain the origin and change of everything in the universe. Zou Yan integrated them, interpreted the attributes of the five elements as "five virtues", and founded the theory of "the end of five virtues" as the law of the rise and fall of dynasties, which provided a theoretical basis for the establishment of a new unified dynasty.
Twenty-one kinds of works of this school are recorded in Hanshu Yiwenzhi, all of which have been lost. The Book of Rites and the Moon Order, written at the end of the Warring States Period, is said to be a work of Yin and Yang. Some articles in Guanzi also belong to Yin and Yang works, and some Yin and Yang materials are also preserved in Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, Yingtong, Huainan Custom Instructions and Qin Shihuang's Biography.
Vertical and horizontal
During the Warring States Period, China lobbied governors and was a counselor engaged in political and diplomatic activities. Be listed as one of the schools of thought. The main representatives are Su Qin and Yi Cheung.
During the Warring States period, the north and south were vertical and the east and west were horizontal. Su Qin advocated that Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Qi and Chu should unite to repel Qin, while Zhang Yi tried to break the alliance. The six countries of Lian Heng were under the control of Qin respectively, hence the name. Their activities had an important influence on the changes of political and military structure during the Warring States period.
There are a lot of records about its activities in the Warring States Policy. According to the Records of Hanshu Yiwenzhi, strategists wrote Sixteen Books and Seventeen Articles.
eclecticism
Comprehensive schools at the end of the Warring States Period. It was named after "Confucianism and Mohism, the method of combining names" and "hundred schools of thought's way is consistent" (Han Shu's Notes on Literature and Art Yan Shigu). Lu Chunqiu, compiled by the gathering guests in Qin Dynasty, is a typical miscellaneous book.
Agricultural family
One of the important schools in the Warring States period. It is named after attaching importance to agricultural production. This was sent by an official in charge of agricultural production in ancient times. They believe that agriculture is the basis of food and clothing, and should be put in the first place in all work. On Mencius Teng Wengong, Xu Xing was recorded as a man, "for the words of Shennong", and it was put forward that sages should "plow with the people and eat, and eat for the people", which showed the social and political ideals of farmers. This evening also pays attention to recording and summarizing agricultural production technology and experience. The chapters in Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, such as Shang Nong, Man and Land, Border Land and Current Affairs, are considered to be important materials for studying farmers in the pre-Qin period.