There are more than 70 genera of bamboo plants in the world, 1000 species, while there are 37 genera of bamboo plants in China, accounting for more than 50% of the world's bamboo genera, and there are more than 500 species (including varieties) of bamboo plants, accounting for about 42% of the world's bamboo species. However, the distribution of bamboo species in Japan ranks second in the world, with only 13 genera and more than 230 species. It can be seen that bamboo species in China are highly diversified. According to the investigation, many bamboo species are endemic to China, among which 10 48 species are endemic to China. Namely, there are 7 species of Phyllostachys, Bambusa 1 species, Bambusa 1 species, Dianthus1/species, and Dianthus 2 species. Among them, Phyllostachys 1 species, Phyllostachys 1 species, Phyllostachys 14 species and Agaricus 3 species.
Diversity and Utilization of Bamboo in China
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The tallest bamboo
In Baylatry Nia Botanical Garden, there are several bamboos 30-35 meters high, that is, Dragon Bamboo. Taxonomically, it belongs to the genus Dendrocalamus. There are more than 30 species in this genus, all of which are dendritic bamboos, generally 24-30 meters high. When they were young, they were often coated with white wax powder. Underground stems (bamboo whips) are short and thick, with clustered stems and often drooping bamboo tips. Internodes are dark green or grayish green, about 40 cm long and 20-25 cm in diameter. Small-sized buckets can be made by sawing the next one. Huge bamboo poles can be used as building materials and water pipes. Most species of this genus are produced in Southeast Asia, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar and other places, and are also widely cultivated. There are about 10 species in China, which are distributed in the southwest and south. 1 999 May1day, the world's tallest giant bamboo was exhibited at the World Horticultural Exposition held in Kunming. It is 40 meters high and its bamboo pole is more than 30 centimeters thick.
Bamboo (Bambusoideae) belongs to Gramineae and Bambusoideae. Because of its beautiful foliage, unique elegance and evergreen seasons, China has a long history of cultivation.
Morphological characteristics and types of (1)
Bamboo is a perennial lignified plant with aboveground stems (bamboo stems) and underground stems (bamboo whips). Bamboo poles are usually cylindrical, rarely quadrangular, and the internodes are connected, often hollow, rarely solid, and the internodes are composed of reeds and rod rings. Branches on each node. There are two kinds of leaves, one is stem and leaf, commonly known as leaves; The other is the vegetative leaf, which is needle-shaped and its size varies with varieties. Bamboo flower is composed of pulp, stamen and pistil. The fruit is mostly caryopsis. Most of bamboo's life is a vegetative growth stage. Once it blooms and bears fruit, all plants will die and complete a life cycle.
According to the growth of underground stems, bamboo plants can be divided into three ecotypes, namely, uniaxial scattered type, combined axis tufted type and combined axis mixed type. There are many kinds of bamboos, including more than 500 in China, most of which can be found in gardens. Common cultivated ornamental bamboos are: Phyllostachys pubescens, Phyllostachys pubescens, Phyllostachys pubescens, Phyllostachys pubescens, Phyllostachys pubescens, Phyllostachys bambusa, Bambusa bambusa, etc. Bambusauentricosa and Phyllostachys pubescens, mixed Indocalamus and Phyllostachys pubescens, etc.
(2) Ecological habits
Most bamboos like warm and humid climate. General annual average temperature 12C ~ 22c, annual precipitation 1000mm ~ 2000mm. Bamboo needs more water than temperature and soil. It should have enough water and a good drainage system. The adaptability of scattered bamboo is stronger than that of clustered bamboo. Because scattered bamboo shoots basically in spring, bamboo has been fully lignified before winter, and it has strong adaptability to adverse climatic conditions such as drought and cold, and its requirements for soil are lower than those of clustered bamboo and miscellaneous bamboo. The underground stems of clustered bamboos and miscellaneous bamboos are shallow in the soil, and the shoot emergence period is in summer and autumn. Hsinchu could not be completely lignified and could not stand the cold and drought, so the growth in the north was generally limited, and their requirements for soil were higher than those of scattered bamboo.
(3) Breeding methods
Different types of bamboo species have different propagation methods. Generally, the buds on the bamboo bags, branches and stems of clustered bamboos have reproductive ability, so methods such as moving bamboo, burying bamboo, burying bamboo and cutting branches can be adopted. However, the stems and branches of scattered bamboo have no reproductive ability, and only the buds on bamboo residues can develop into bamboo whips and bamboos, so methods such as moving bamboo and whips are often used for reproduction.
Propagation of clustered bamboo and mixed bamboo;
1. Bamboo transfer method (planting by individual plants) Select vigorous 1 ~ 2-year-old bamboo poles, dig out the soil at the periphery 25 cm ~ 30 cm away from the pole body, find out its stalks, then cut off the stalks with a sharp chisel and dig them out with soil. Small bamboos can be dug out in clusters of 3-5 poles.
2. Choose strong bamboo piles by burying piles, poles and joints, leave a bamboo pile with a length of 30 cm ~ 40 cm on it, bury it obliquely in the planting hole, and cover it with soil 15 cm ~ 20 cm. When burying a bamboo pole, cut off the side branches of each node, leaving only the main branch L ~ 2 nodes as the material for burying the pole or node. When buried, the ditch is 20 cm ~ 30 cm deep. Put the buds on the nodes on both sides. The bottom of the rod is slightly lower and the tip is slightly higher. Leaning slightly in the ditch, covered with 10 cm ~ 15 cm soil. Slightly higher than the ground, then cover with grass to moisturize. In order to promote the rooting of bamboo shoots with hidden buds in each node, it can be sawed twice at the position of 8 cm ~ 10 cm above each node to reach the bamboo green part, and the seedling rate of treated bamboo nodes can be improved a lot.
Propagation of loose bamboo;
1. Breeding with mother bamboo, choose mother bamboo which is 1 ~ 2 years old, healthy, free from pests and diseases, with bright yellow whip, full whip, low bamboo pole and not too thick DBH. Before digging, determine the direction of the bamboo whip, and then cut off the bamboo whip at a distance of 30 cm ~ 80 cm from the mother bamboo. Generally, Liu Zhu whips 30 cm to 40 cm, and whips 70 cm to 80 cm; Medium-sized Liu Zhu whip 20 cm ~ 30 cm, whip 50 cm ~ 60 cm. Don't shake the bamboo pole when digging, cut off its upper part with a sharp knife, generally keep 5 ~ 7 bamboo branches, and then plant people in the pre-dug hole. The buried depth is 3 cm ~ 5 cm deeper than the original buried part of the mother bamboo. After planting, water in time, cover the grass, open the drainage ditch, and set up a bracket to prevent the wind from blowing the roots and affecting the rooting.
2. The propagation of the moving whip is about 1 month before bamboo shoots appear. After digging out the bamboo whip, cut it into a section of 60 cm ~ 100 cm, cover it with more soil, protect the roots and buds, plant it in the pit, lay the bamboo whip flat, cover it with 10 cm ~ 15 cm soil, and cover it with grass to prevent water evaporation. Generally speaking, tiny hsinchu can grow in summer. To prevent Hsinchu from wilting, the bamboo sheath of 1/3 can be cut off and 6 ~ 7 branches and leaves can be kept.
3. Seedlings should be sown in the same year to collect mature seeds. Generally, the seeds of Phyllostachys pubescens almost lose their germination ability after one year.
(4) cultivation method
Underground stems of bamboo grow in soil, which needs plenty of water and air. Therefore, it is necessary to keep the soil moist, prevent the soil from being short of water, and pay attention to eliminating water in bamboo forests. Bamboo likes fertile soil. Generally, it is human feces, feces and urine. It should be applied in winter and quick-acting chemical fertilizer in growing season. A bamboo forest can be cut down to support cultivation, that is, weeds in the forest can be cut down in summer to make them rot into fertilizer, and at the same time, the surface layer of woodland can be loosened, physical properties can be improved and bamboo growth can be promoted. The old bamboo garden should be cleaned every few years, especially the overgrown bamboo forests. Reasonable logging is also very important for the protection of bamboo. The cutting age of Phyllostachys pubescens is generally 6-8 years, and that of small and medium bamboo is 4 years. Winter is the best cutting season.
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Random Talk on Bamboo (1) Dazzling Bamboo World
Bamboo, a monocotyledonous plant in Gramineae, has a special shape, is neither grass nor wood, and its stems are knotted and hollow, usually in the form of evergreen trees or shrubs. Long before the birth of mankind, bamboo has taken root and sprouted on the earth and thrived. According to relevant data, there are about 70 genera, 1 0,200 species of bamboo in the world, with a total area of 1 4 million hectares. Bamboo is widely distributed in the world. In terms of distribution, Asia ranks first, followed by North and South America, Africa and Oceania. Bamboo forests in Europe are artificially introduced, not naturally distributed.
At present, bamboo is widely distributed in China, and the bamboo industry with bamboo planting and deep processing as its core is booming. Anji County, Zhejiang Province, known as one of the "Top Ten Bamboo Towns in China", has developed bamboo industry and promoted bamboo culture by relying on the advantages of local bamboo industry resources, and has embarked on a unique development road.
Zhang: Anji has a long history of bamboo development and utilization. According to my information, as early as the Song Dynasty, Anji's bamboo was already the main source of tax revenue. By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, a complete traditional cultivation technique was basically formed.
Anji is rich in bamboo forest resources, including 7 genera and 49 species, with a total area of 980,000 mu, accounting for 33.4% of the total land area of Anji County, forming a continuous bamboo sea of 100 kilometers. In addition to a large area of wild bamboo forests, Anji Bamboo Seed Garden has introduced more than 300 local and exotic bamboo species, including slender bamboo and erect bamboo. There are precious ornamental bamboos with yellow and green flowers; There are grotesque bamboos, which are connected like turtle shells; Purple bamboo, hidden by green bamboo leaves, looks dignified and mysterious. Anji people regard it as an auspicious thing. According to the local custom in the past, you must use purple bamboo as a tent pole to marry your daughter. There is also Bambusa bambusa produced in Hunan, also called xiangfeizhu. According to legend, after Shun Di's death, his two concubines and Ying searched for husbands until they cried their eyes out, and blood and tears spilled on the bamboo beside the river, leaving this mottled trace. An ancient legend endows Bambusa bambusa with a strong mythical color. In addition, there are bamboo, tea-stalked bamboo, Buddha's belly bamboo, yellow-stalked Beijing bamboo, phoenix bamboo, arhat bamboo, and so on. When I came to Anji Bamboo Garden, I entered the dazzling bamboo world.
Anji Bamboo Museum, a bamboo seed garden, has theme exhibition halls such as "Bamboo History", "Bamboo Resources", "Anji Bamboo Industry" and "Bamboo Extraction". With a rich collection of physical objects and historical materials, it has gathered the essence of bamboo at all times and at home and abroad, and demonstrated the huge family system of bamboo and the close relationship between bamboo and human material and cultural life.
Zhang: For us Anji people, we have a special feeling for bamboo. We were born in the bamboo forest. Dealing with bamboo every day, you can't eat, wear and live without bamboo, and you can't live without bamboo any day.
Random Talk on Bamboo (2) Bamboo products in bamboo joints reflect the strength of character
It was Anji who let us know many kinds of bamboo, or all kinds of bamboo, and let us know Anji, a bamboo town in the south of the Yangtze River. In China, bamboo, plum, orchid and chrysanthemum are called "four gentlemen" in flowers. It has been praised by China people for its hollow, restrained and upright features, and it has become a vivid portrayal of the virtues of modesty, integrity and honest and frank advocated by China people.
Famous scholar and expert on Chu Ci: In our country, the classical literature tradition has the means of expressing emotion by borrowing things. Then combine this fancy character with the truth, goodness and beauty pursued by the human world, and then get the performance. This bamboo occupies a very high position in the poetry of our Chinese nation. It has no fragrance. If you smell a fresh breath and fragrance, you won't smell it, but bamboo has endowed it with lofty character in the ideal world of China literati. From the Book of Songs, we know that Feng Wei has a poem praising it, that is, Seven Ao (chapter), so he is praising a hero, a Wei Wugong who defended the Zhou Dynasty. He used bamboo to cheer him up and explained the whole process of a great personality with the whole growth process of bamboo.
Among the literati in China, there were seven great writers in Jin Dynasty, who were called "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest", because these seven sages lived in bamboo forest, which reflected the characters of seven literati, and attached their literary talents to bamboo, so that humanity and nature complemented each other.
Chen Ziang praised the bamboo festival with great enthusiasm. What did he say? "Spring Wood" Trees are full of flowers in spring, and woody things will wither and flourish, but there is one difference: "There is no withering in this festival", and there is no concept of withering in bamboo joints; The first wish and the stone, what would I like to do? This festival is with stones, stones, gold of metal products, stones, stones will not be deformed, and this festival will not be deformed. The poem "Believe in the End" and "Believe in the End" is a great poet in Chen Ziang. "Where did those lost times go before me?" Who praised the bamboo festival.
Mr. Mei Lanfang is a horse, born in the Sino-Japanese War, 1894. That year was the Anti-Japanese Year, so when Japan occupied Shanghai, he refused to sing. He grew a beard. I saw a picture on his wall, painted with bamboo, and wrote two sentences: "Proud!" "
For example, bamboo is very important for the blind. Blind people should walk with bamboo. I think of my good friend, the late great painter Jiang, who painted many great people. So this painting is about the old society. Through this painting, he has satire, pain, depression and resentment. This picture shows a blind man holding a bamboo in his hand and walking on it. After painting, he was meaningful. "But there is this bamboo" and "the world is dark" is the old society. This place is so dark, "I have eyes", where can I compare with eyes? Because I still have a bamboo with me, this is a pun. One is that the blind man comes out with a bamboo, and the other is that the bamboo pursued by the painter takes him. The path taken by bamboo is a noble one, that is, the lines are straight and knotted, and it is a way to hold bamboo firmly with an open mind. Mr. Jiang's painting is very good. I have never forgotten this poem.
Talking about Bamboo (3) Eating, wearing, living and walking are accompanied by bamboo.
Mr. Wen's words let us have a deeper understanding of bamboo, get out of people's spiritual world, let us come back to real life and see how bamboo is closely related to the daily life of China people.
According to experts, in China, people used bamboo to make tools and articles for daily use for almost as long as human beings. Especially in Jiangnan, which is rich in bamboo, bamboo is almost the most common, cheapest and inexhaustible material, and it is still indispensable in people's lives in many places in China today. As the saying goes, "relying on mountains to eat mountains, relying on water to eat water" and so on, the saying of "eating bamboo by bamboo" should be established, and so it is. In those places where bamboo is abundant, the bamboo industry with bamboo planting, export and deep processing as the core has become the main economic source and pillar of people.
Especially in many bamboo villages in China, people can't live without bamboo. The rocking car made of bamboo is the place where countless children's beautiful dreams begin. Children eat fresh bamboo shoots with bamboo forests since childhood, learn culture with bamboo pens and paper, and carry bamboo bags at school. Living in a bamboo building, using a bamboo chair with a bamboo table, crossing the river and taking a bamboo bridge, and fishing with a bamboo pole, as for other daily necessities and handicrafts made of bamboo, there are countless examples.
Clothes and decorations made of bamboo have existed in China since ancient times. At the end of last century, as people put forward the idea of returning to nature and simplicity, the fashion industry also appeared the design trend of advocating nature. In this context, bamboo clothing once became a new fashion phenomenon in the fashion world, and it is still loved by people today after several years.
Clothing designer Yan Yuzhong: Bamboo is a natural raw material. How can we use this natural raw material to express clothing culture? We hope to gradually preserve this lost thing, and then combine this tradition with modernity according to some modern design requirements and new ideology. As for bamboo clothing culture, how to develop bamboo characteristics, how to integrate into clothing design, how to serve clothing design and use it to replace other fabrics, this.
Bamboo clothing makes full use of the natural characteristics and textures of bamboo, processes it with the least amount of bamboo, and applies it to modern clothing design concepts to the maximum extent, creating clothing and clothing works that complement each other with ancient charm and new fashion. After the deduction of the models on the performance stage, people can't help but sigh that it is so unique and natural.
Talking about bamboo (4) Bamboo shadow dancing into the picture
China's traditional painting and calligraphy art is the treasure of China culture, and bamboo has entered the painters' field of vision for a long time and has become the traditional theme of China's painting. For thousands of years, people in China have used bamboo as a pen and bamboo as a painting, which has sublimated this artistic creation process with aesthetic interest into a process of observing the people's livelihood and shaping spiritual character.
According to the existing historical records, it was in the Tang Dynasty that bamboo became a painting theme and entered the traditional painting field in China. Wang Wei, a famous writer and poet in the Tang Dynasty, likes bamboo very much, and also likes to draw bamboo. Although we can't find the original bamboo painting in the Tang Dynasty today, a poem by the great poet Bai Juyi can give us a general understanding of the height of bamboo painting at that time: "Don't be born from roots, don't be born from bamboo shoots, look up at the painting and listen down."
Scholar painter Li Yan: The earliest original bamboo painting we can see now was in the Song Dynasty, with the famous painter Wen Tong as the most representative. Wen Tong, a painter, should be said to have occupied a very important position in the history of bamboo painting in China. It can even be said that his bamboo painting style has influenced people's bamboo painting style for hundreds of years to the present.
Painting bamboo bears the imprint of the painter's own spirit in every era, and his spiritual imprint is also the imprint of the times. For example, Zheng Banqiao, a famous painter in the Qing Dynasty, painted bamboo, which was called the head of the Eight Eccentrics in Yangzhou. He is an honest official, and he is very sympathetic to the suffering of ordinary people. So when he painted bamboo, he also showed this idea. There is a small photo album that we will never see again. It is said that there are only two or three bamboo leaves on it, but this poem just gives the best explanation to these two or three bamboo leaves. He "some small officials in Caozhou County always care about their feelings." What do you mean? I was resting in the yamen, and I heard bamboo rustling outside the window, as if someone was complaining to me. But how can I solve so many personal problems for my small state and county officials? But even so, their little sufferings are attached to my heart. "A leaf always cares about feelings" is a great sentence. As an honest official with people-oriented thought like Zheng Banqiao, he experienced the sufferings of the people by painting bamboo. I think it really deserves to go down in history. Such a great painter.
Although bamboo painting is beautiful, we must appreciate it. First of all, we should look at the overall qualification and shape of bamboo in the painting. In China's traditional ink painting, it is the beauty of silhouette and outline, the beauty of momentum and charm; Secondly, people in painting circles are more accustomed to painting bamboo as writing bamboo, because the brushwork and wonderful meaning of China's calligraphy can be seen everywhere in bamboo painting.
Yan Li: For example, if you paint its bamboo pole, you should show its rigidity and flexibility. Generally speaking, you should use official script or regular script to draw bamboo poles, big bamboo poles and bamboo joints, and then use official script to draw bamboo branches. This is a kind of calligraphy between running script and cursive script, so it looks very tall and straight. Generally speaking, bamboo leaves should be painted in regular script, one stroke at a time and sent home with a pen. China's freehand brushwork takes painting bamboo as the theme, and shows the interest of calligraphy in painting, which should be said to be incisive. On the other hand, if you don't have the viewpoint of calligraphy aesthetics, it's hard to appreciate the aesthetic implication of painting bamboo.
Poetry expresses wishes, while painting conveys emotions. The magnificent social changes in contemporary China have influenced the painter's mind and changed the style, temperament and connotation of bamboo painting. Li Kuchan, a famous master of Chinese painting, was invited to draw a huge bamboo painting for the Great Hall of the People in Beijing before his death, which was magnificent and exuded a strong flavor of the times. Such bamboo paintings have long been divorced from the description of bamboo branches and leaves and the expression of personal feelings in traditional literati paintings, with a broader vision and profound themes.
Cui Huimin, a famous painter, studied under Dong Shouping, a master of Chinese painting. While inheriting the artistic essence of his predecessors, he devoted himself to studying bamboo paintings, learning from others and finding a new way of individuality. Before drawing the case, Cui Huimin didn't write, but he had a well-thought-out plan. When the brush falls, it can be said that the pen follows the heart and the heart follows the heart. Therefore, the ink bamboo created by Cui Huimin is lifelike and can be called the best in bamboo painting.
Cui Huimin: There is an old saying: "Painting orchids for half a life, painting bamboo for a lifetime". Bamboo painting is "ripe when born", so the author dare not start writing, but the painting skill is good, and the author's thought has gradually improved to a higher level. I don't think I can finish learning and painting bamboo all my life. Li Yan: The natural ecology of bamboo has not changed much since ancient times, but due to the changes of the times, bamboo painting has also been marked by the times and has undergone great changes.
Yes, for many years, people in China have never stopped being close to and praising bamboo. Bamboo has become a changing theme in China's paintings.
Talking about Bamboo (5) The melodious sound of silk and bamboo around the beam
With the deepening of cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries, many national musical instruments in China, together with China's national music works, are known and loved by more and more foreign friends and overseas Chinese. Many of these musical instruments made of bamboo have conquered many people all over the world with their unique shapes, beautiful and unique timbre and extraordinary expressive force, adding infinite charm to China's national music art. ..
Mr. Tong Fugong, a folk music performer of China Coal Mine Art Troupe, is good at playing bamboo national musical instruments. He is proficient in more than ten kinds of bamboo songs. In recent years, Mr Tong introduced China's bamboo musical instruments to many countries and regions in the world together with beautiful national music works. The musical instrument that Mr. Tong Fugong is playing now is a very old sheng, also called Lusheng. In China, besides the Han nationality, more than a dozen ethnic minorities also own this instrument. The sounding principle and appearance of sheng of different nationalities are similar.
Ertong Fugong, a folk musician of China Coal Mine Art Troupe: This is a very old musical instrument in China, with a history of about 7,000 years. The name of this instrument is Qi. The pool looks like a flute, but its performance and production are completely different. The flute is played like this, and Qi is a method of playing with both hands inward. In ancient China, there was a picture of a lady's play and other historical materials.
Mouth flute, called "bone whistle" in ancient times, was found in Hemudu site in Zhejiang and Kayao cultural site in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, about 7000 years ago. The mouthpiece can play a very cheerful melody, especially it can imitate the sounds of various birds.
Tong Fugong: This is an ancient musical instrument in China. It is called "Dragon Head Bow Flute". This instrument has an arched dragon tail, which looks like an ancient bow in China. Bow flute first spread in Sichuan, which was developed under the inspiration of Dazu stone carving image in Tang Dynasty. Bow flute is rich and soft, antique, especially suitable for playing ancient music.
This musical instrument made of bamboo is called Bangdi, which was originally used to accompany Hebei Bangzi in traditional Chinese opera, and later developed into a solo instrument. Band-Aid has a bright and high pronunciation, which is suitable for playing a very cheerful melody.
Tong Fugong: This is the "Qu Di" of bamboo. At first, Qu Di accompanied Kunqu Opera, and later he developed into a solo instrument. Qu Di's tone is rich and soft.
Don't think this instrument is a flute, please pay attention to its playing method. The flute blows vertically, and the flute blows horizontally. Xiao, also known as Xiao, is antique and unforgettable.
This is a bamboo flute, which is said to be made by Yao and Shun. After the Tang Dynasty, it spread to Central Asia and Europe through the Silk Road.
Bawu, made of bamboo, is a representative musical instrument of Dai and Miao nationalities with rich and soft timbre.
Tong Fugong: This is a "cucurbit silk" made of bamboo, which is a unique musical instrument of the Dai people. Hulusi is a multi-tube and double-tube musical instrument, which can emit two sounds at the same time, and its timbre is very beautiful. Hearing the voice of cucurbit silk is like being in Xishuangbanna.
Like you, I am attracted by these bamboo instruments and intoxicated by the wonderful music. In fact, there are many beautiful bamboo musical instruments …