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A brief introduction to Australian history
1. The Commonwealth of Australia is located in the southwest of Oceania, bordering the Pacific Ocean in the east and the Indian Ocean in the west. Papua New Guinea in the northeast, Indonesia in the north, Polynesia and Melanesia in the Pacific Ocean in the east, and New Zealand across the sea in the southeast. The land area is 7,682,300 square kilometers and the population is 6,543.8+057,500 (6,543.8+0985), which is mainly the history of early British immigrants. About 25,000 years ago, the ancestors of Australian aborigines came to settle here from Southeast Asia and lived in Tasmania, the southeast of the mainland. The aborigines on the island are called Tasmanians. The original Australian aborigines were divided into many tribes. They speak different languages, make simple tools from wood, stones, bones and shellfish, and collect and hunt for a living.

2. 1432, China people landed near Darwin. In some ancient documents in Arabia and China, there are records about the southern continent. Before16th century, Europe also had an imagination about the existence of "unknown southern continent". /kloc-In the 6th century, some world maps in Europe drew a continent connected with Antarctica. The first Europeans to sail to Australia were Dutch.

3. From 1605, the Dutch W. Janz, D. Hartog and A. J. Tasman successively explored and landed on some coasts of Australia. 1606, the Dutchman Wiyates landed on Cape York Peninsula in northern Australia and set up camp. This is the first time that Europeans have landed on this continent. But Willie Yates left because he thought Cape York Peninsula was only a part of New Guinea. 1642, abel tasman discovered Tasmania, 1644, he discovered the northern shore of the mainland. Tasman named Tasmania Vandermonde, after Vandermonde,, Governor General of the Dutch East Indies. The Australian mainland is called the New Holland by the Dutch. Later, the British and the French followed. 1688, Englishman w Dampier landed near jinwan on the northwest coast of Australia.

4. 1770, Englishman james cook sailed to the Pacific Ocean and landed in Botany Bay on the southeast coast of Australia. He occupied the land in the name of King George III of England and named it New South Wales. /kloc-Matthew flinders, a British naval officer who sailed to Australia in the early 20th century, established the British government. The name of this continent should be Australia instead of New Holland. 1786, the British government decided to colonize here. Formal colonization began at 1788. Later, he explored the whole continent many times and was named Australia in 18 17.

5. Before the colonial North American War of Independence, Britain exiled about 1000 criminals to Virginia and Maryland in North America every year. During the War of Independence and several years after the war, British prisons were overcrowded. 1786, the British government decided to turn New South Wales into an exile. 1787 in may, arthur phillip, a naval officer, was ordered to take some officials aboard the 1 1 ship called "the first fleet", carrying more than 700 criminals from Britain, passing through Rio de Janeiro and the Cape of Good Hope, and arrived at Botany Bay in June 1788+0. In February of the same year, the colony of New South Wales (centered on Sydney) was formally established. Philip was appointed governor of the colony. 1789, the British government sent the New South Wales Security Corps to replace the naval soldiers originally stationed in New South Wales and assist the Governor in maintaining social order in the colony. 1804, a new colony was established in Tasmania. In the early colonial period, New South Wales experienced what historians call the dark ages. Agricultural production is unfavorable, and food needs to be shipped from Britain, Batavia (now Jakarta) and other places. 1808, NSW security officials dismissed Governor Bligh William for opposing the ban on rum trade, calling it a rum riot. Later, the British government recalled the New South Wales Security Guard. 18 10 year, L. mcquarrie was the governor. During his tenure, he built public facilities, roads, banks and schools, and encouraged exploration and development. 18 13, W.C. Wentworth discovered the passage through the blue mountains and found a way to develop the western plain of New South Wales. Mcquarrie's policy of releasing criminals after serving their sentences has been criticized by wealthy free immigrants in the colonies. From 1820, Britain changed its policy of developing Australia mainly by banishing criminals, and freemen began to move to New South Wales in batches. Mcquarrie 182 1 Retired. 1823, the British government passed a decree approving the establishment of a local council with limited legislative power in New South Wales. From 1824 to 1836, new settlements were established in Morton Bay, Philip Bay and Saint Vincent Bay. 1825, Van Diemen demarcated with New South Wales and became a new colony. 1829, Swan River Colony (present-day Western Australia) was established. 1830 ~ 1860 is a period of rapid change in Australian history. With the development of sheep industry, ranchers compete to occupy large areas of land. In order to limit the excessive occupation of land by immigrants, the Ripon Decree was promulgated in 183 1, which changed the land donated to immigrants into land for sale; The income from land sales was used to help immigrants from Britain to alleviate the shortage of colonial labor. From 1832 to 1842, nearly 70,000 immigrants moved to New South Wales. 1840, abolish the criminal assignment system, encourage free migration and solve labor problems. From then on, Britain no longer exiled criminals to Australia. /kloc-in the 0' s and 9' s, gold mines were discovered in southern New South Wales and other places. 1858 gold miners reached150,000. The gold rush and the expansion of sheep industry promoted the development of the colony. In order to facilitate management and construction, Victoria and Queensland were separated from New South Wales at 185 1 and 1859 respectively. 1850 After the Australian colonial government decree was passed, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania (formerly Vandermonde,), Queensland and other colonies successively established responsible autonomous governments. While European immigrants are constantly exploring the land, the aborigines in the Australian mainland are driven to the desert inland, while the aborigines in Tasmania are extinct. After the establishment of the responsible governments of Australian colonies, they were all busy with the development and construction of their own colonies, but they also faced some common problems, such as tariffs, transportation, postal services, national defense and policies to restrict China's immigration. Therefore, eight inter-colonial meetings were held from 1863 to 1880. 1880165438+10 In October, the Melbourne Inter-Colony Conference agreed to set up a federal parliament, and decided that NSW would draft a bill on the federal parliament. 1883, the Federal Council was established. 1884 In August, the colonies in Victoria, Queensland, Tasmania and Western Australia asked the British government to support the Federal Council Bill. 124 October1889 10 H Parks, colonial prime minister of new south Wales, delivered a speech, stressing the necessity of establishing a federation to consolidate national defense and calling on other colonial prime ministers to discuss the matter. The Labour Party was founded in 189 1. The development of the trade union movement broke the boundaries of various colonies. The voice of free trade between colonies is getting louder and louder. 1893 In August, a meeting of federal representatives was held in Kgoroba, suggesting that the colonies should take measures to prepare for the establishment of the federation. 1898 held a referendum on the establishment of the Federation.

6. 1 September, 900 17, the Queen of England signed a statement announcing that the Federation will be born on1day in the new century. 190 1 year 1 month 1 The Commonwealth of Australia was formally established in Sydney, and the original six colonies were changed into states. Australia became a dominion of the Commonwealth. Its capital is Canberra. After the establishment of the Australian federal government before World War II, it encouraged all states to develop agriculture and animal husbandry production, advocated unifying the railway gauges of all states, promoting office projects, expanding welfare measures, setting up federal banks, building the army and navy, and strengthening the power of the federal government. In order to meet the needs of national development, from 65438 to 0907, it began to accept immigrants on a large scale. 1911~1914 years, more than 50,000 immigrants receive government assistance every year, and the number of immigrants who do not receive government assistance is three times that of the above-mentioned people. The federal government has formulated a protectionist policy to promote the establishment and development of domestic industries, and also formulated an immigration policy to restrict the entry of people of color, especially China people, the so-called White Australia policy. 19 14 World War I broke out. Australia supported Britain and actively participated in the war, sending troops to Europe and Africa. During the war, Australia occupied New Guinea and Nauru in Germany. 19 18 After the war, Australia participated in the Paris Peace Conference and supported the League of Nations. Obtained the trusteeship rights of New Guinea and Nauru. 1921~1929,300,000 British immigrants moved to Australia. 193 1 year, the British Parliament passed the Westminster Act, giving the Autonomous Territory autonomy in internal affairs and foreign affairs, and Australia became an independent country of the Commonwealth. When World War II broke out, Australia declared war on Germany and sent troops to North Africa, Greece, Syria and other places. 194 1 After Pearl Harbor, Australia declared war on Japan. The prime minister of the federal government delivered a speech, expounding the pro-American diplomatic line. On February 1942, Japanese planes bombed Darwin. The U.S. military has set up an allied headquarters in Australia. The Australian and American armies fought side by side to recover New Guinea occupied by the Japanese army. After World War II, Australia's postwar federal government encouraged Europeans to immigrate to Australia. From 1948 to 1953, more than 500,000 people immigrated to Australia. From 1949 to 1972, the liberal party and the rural party jointly ruled, which promoted the development of Australian economy. Australia began to implement a more independent foreign policy, actively participated in international affairs and supported the United Nations and other institutions. The main change in foreign affairs is the policy towards Asia. 1950, Australia signed the Colombo Plan to support Indonesian independence. The immigration policies of 1956 and 1966 were amended to allow Asian immigrants to settle down. Australia joined southeast asia treaty organization on 1954. The Australian government strengthens its military relations with the United States. 195 1 year, Australia, New Zealand and the United States signed a security treaty. 1963 The Australia-US agreement agreed to establish a US naval communication base in the northwest corner of Western Australia. 1972 the Australian federal government formally established diplomatic relations with China, with Whitlam, leader of the Labour Party, as prime minister. From 65438 to 0975, the Liberal Party-Rural Party with J.M. Fraser as Prime Minister came to power. 1In March, 983, the Labour Party won the general election and Hawke became the Prime Minister. 1984 re-elected. The Australian government pursues an independent foreign policy, maintains close relations with countries in the Asia-Pacific region, and strengthens ties with the United States and Japan.