France: 43 ~ 52 N, 5 ~ 8 W.

Germany: 47-55 N, 5- 15 E.

Spain: 35 ~ 43 N, 9 ~ 3 W.

1, Italian Republic

The Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica Italiana), referred to as Italy (Italian: Italia), is a European country, which is mainly composed of the Apennine Peninsula in southern Europe and the two islands of Sicily and Sardinia in the Mediterranean.

The land area is 30 1333 square kilometers and the population is 60.8 million. The Alps in the north are bordered by France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia, and its territory is also surrounded by two tiny countries-San Marino and Vatican. ?

Rome, the capital of Italy, has been the center of western civilization for centuries. Ancient Rome experienced three stages, namely, the period of Roman monarchy (753-509 BC), the period of Roman Republic (509-27 BC) and the period of Roman Empire (27-476 BC), and existed for a thousand years.

Rome OneRepublic basically completed its territorial expansion and became a great empire with the Mediterranean as the center and spanning Europe, Asia and Africa. In 476, when the Western Roman Empire perished,14th century Italy became the birthplace of the European Renaissance. /kloc-At the end of 0/5, the struggle between France and Spain for the Apennine Peninsula intensified, which led to the Italian war that lasted for decades.

/kloc-nationalism began to awaken in the 0/8th century. /kloc-in the 0/9th century, the Italian Renaissance rose, and the kingdom of Sardinia began to gradually unify the north and the south. 186 1 year, the kingdom of Italy was founded, 1870, Rome, the capital of the papal state, was conquered and risorgimento was completed. After the defeat of World War II, the monarchy was abolished and a republic was established.

Italy is a highly developed capitalist country, one of the four largest economies in Europe, a founding member of the European Union and NATO, and a member of the Schengen Convention, the G8 and the United Nations. Italy has 54 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, ranking second in the world and leading the world in the fields of art and fashion. Milan is the Italian economic and industrial center, as well as fashion capital of the world.

2. French Republic

French Republic (French: republicue Fran? Aise (English: French Republic), referred to as "France", is a semi-presidential republic country in Western Europe, and its overseas territory includes parts of South America and the South Pacific.

France is the third largest country in Europe and the largest country in Western Europe. It borders Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland and Italy in the east and Spain, Andorra and Monaco in the south. The local terrain is high in the southeast and low in the northwest, which is roughly hexagonal. It is surrounded by water on three sides, the Mediterranean Sea in the south, the Atlantic Ocean in the west and Britain across the English Channel in the northwest. Corsica is the largest island in France.

France became one of the European powers from the end of the Middle Ages and reached the peak of feudal society under the rule of Louis XIV in 17~ 18 century. 1789 After the French Revolution broke out, it overthrew the absolute monarchy, experienced two empires and three republics successively, and its national strength reached its peak in19 ~ 20th century. Before World War II, France

The Fourth Republic of France was established after World War II, and 1958 was replaced by the Fifth Republic of Charles de Gaulle. In the long history, this country has trained many famous writers and thinkers who have a far-reaching impact on human development, and it also has the fourth largest world heritage in the world.

France is a highly developed capitalist country and one of the four largest economies in Europe. Its citizens have a high standard of living and a good social security system. It is one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, a founding member of the European Union and NATO, a member of the Schengen Convention and the Group of Eight, and one of the major political entities on the European continent.

3. Federal Republic of Germany

The Federal Republic of Germany (German: die Bundesrepublik Deutschland), referred to as Germany (referred to as West Germany or the Federal Republic of Germany before German reunification), is a federal parliamentary republic country in central Europe, bordering Denmark in the north, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and France in the west, Switzerland and Austria in the south, and the Czech Republic and Poland in the east. The country consists of 65,438+06 federal states, with Berlin as its capital. The land area is 357 167 square kilometers, with a mild climate and a population of about 82.67 million. It is the most populous country in the European Union, with Germans as the main ethnic group.

The ancestors of the Germans were Germanic people who lived in Central Europe in ancient times. /kloc-in the 0/0 century, the Germans established the Holy Roman Empire and then split. 187 1 year, Prussia annexed all German states except Austria and established the German Empire, thus completing the reunification of Germany. 19 14 and 1939, Germany provoked two world wars and was defeated.

1945 is split into two parts. 1990 10 10 On 3 October, the German Democratic Republic officially joined the Federal Republic of Germany, realizing the reunification of the two countries. At present, Germany is the largest economy in Europe, one of the founding members of the European Union, and an important member of international organizations such as NATO, Schengen Convention, G8 and the United Nations.

Germany is a highly developed capitalist country. As one of the four largest economies in Europe, its social security system is perfect and its citizens' living standards are very high. High-end manufacturing represented by automobiles and precision machine tools is also an important symbol of Germany.

4、

Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de Espa? a； English: The Kingdom of Spain, for short, is located in the Iberian Peninsula in southwest Europe, at the junction of Europe and Africa, bordering Portugal in the west, the Bay of Biscay in the north, France and Andorra in the northeast, and Morocco in Africa across the Strait of Gibraltar in the south. Its territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic and Ceuta and Melilla in Africa.

The country is a mountainous country with a total area of 505,925 square kilometers and a coastline of about 7,800 kilometers. The number of countries that use Spanish as the official language is the second in the world, second only to English.

In the Middle Ages, many countries coexisted in this territory. 1492 After the victory of the recovery movement in Spain, a unified Spanish dynasty was established. And played an important role in the era of great navigation, and established a large number of colonies in Europe, America, Asia and Africa. 1494 signed the Todd silas treaty with Portugal, with the intention of splitting the world in two.

From the middle of15th century to the end of16th century, it entered the Renaissance and became the most powerful country in Europe and did not fall into the empire. 1588 The Armada was defeated by Britain and began to decline. After two republics and a monarchy, 1978 declared a constitutional monarchy.

Spain is a highly developed capitalist country, a member of the European Union and NATO, and the fifth largest economy in the euro zone. Its gross domestic product (GDP) ranks sixth in European countries and 13 in the world.

On 20 17 10 10/2 1 day, the Spanish government announced the dissolution of the Catalonia Autonomous Region Parliament and the autonomous region government, and elected a new autonomous region parliament within six months. 2065438+07128 October, 10, the Spanish government officially took over Catalonia and dismissed its senior post.

Extended data

Development history

In 120, a young man also studied astronomy and geography in this ancient library. This is Claudius Ptolemy. Ptolemy integrated the previous research results, thought that maps should be drawn according to fixed points with known latitude and longitude, and put forward the concept of drawing latitude and longitude network on maps. To this end, Ptolemy measured the latitude and longitude of important cities and strongholds in the Mediterranean and compiled eight volumes of geographical works.

Including the latitude and longitude of 8000 places. In order to draw the longitude and latitude lines on the earth on a plane, he tried to draw them into simple sectors, thus drawing the famous Ptolemy map. /kloc-At the beginning of the 5th century, the navigator Henry began to put "Ptolemy Map" into practice. However, after repeated inspection, I found that this map is not practical.

Some of Henry's captains said with regret, "Although we admire the famous Ptolemy very much, we found that the fact is contrary to what he said."

A "standard clock" is the key to correctly determine the latitude and longitude. It is obviously more convenient and practical to make accurate clocks and watches at sea than to rely on celestial bodies to time. /kloc-the progress of mechanical technology in the 0/8th century has finally created conditions for solving this long-standing problem. Harrison, a watchmaker in Yorkshire, England, spent 42 years making five timepieces in succession, each of which is more accurate and perfect than the other, and the accuracy is getting higher and higher.

The fifth stop is only the size of a pocket watch, and the error caused by longitude measurement is only 1/3 miles. Almost at the same time, a sea timepiece designed and manufactured by French watchmaker Pierre leroy was put into use. At this point, the problem of longitude measurement at sea has finally been initially solved.

Longitude and latitude are both angles. Longitude is dihedral angle, that is, the angle between two meridian planes. Because all meridians are the same length, choose a starting point to measure longitude. After consultation at the 1884 international conference, it was decided that the starting meridian was the meridian crossing a main meridian cross at the Royal Greenwich Observatory (former site) on the south bank of the Thames in London, England.

The prime meridian plane is the starting point plane and the ending point plane is the local meridian plane. The longitude of a point is the angle between the meridian plane where the point is located and the prime meridian plane. Measured on the equator, from the prime meridian plane as the starting point plane, measured to the east and west respectively. The east value is called east longitude and the west value is called west longitude.

It can be seen that the longitude of a place is its direction and angular distance from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is zero longitude, the maximum longitude is east longitude 180, the maximum longitude is west longitude 180, and the longitude of east longitude 180 is the same meridian, so both east longitude and west longitude are called 180 longitude. On the globe, parallel to the equator is latitude, and perpendicular to the equator is longitude.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Italy

Baidu Encyclopedia-France

Baidu Encyclopedia-Germany

Baidu Encyclopedia-Spain

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