Among them, the King of Fujian Tulou and Chengqi Building are said to have broken ground in Chongzhen of Ming Dynasty and completed in Kangxi of Qing Dynasty. It lasted three generations and lasted for half a century. It is huge in scale, peculiar in shape, antique and full of strong local flavor. "Four floors, four floors, 400 rooms up and down; Round in a circle, trapped in a circle, after three hundred years of vicissitudes. " Chengqi Building, with its tall, heavy, rough and majestic architectural style and elegant plastic arts in gardens and courtyards, is integrated with the poetic and picturesque ideas of mountains and rivers, which has attracted countless tourists. There is a model of Chengqi Building in splendid china, Shenzhen. 198 1 was included in the dictionary of places of interest in China, and it is known as the "king of earth buildings", competing with China places of interest such as the Temple of Heaven in Beijing and the Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang. 1986, the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of China issued a series of stamps on China dwellings, among which Fujian dwellings, based on Chengqi Building, won the Japanese stamp of the year. The formation of Fujian Tulou is related to several famous Han immigrants from the Central Plains in history. During the Yongjia period of the Western Jin Dynasty, that is, in the 4th century, there were frequent wars and natural disasters in the north, and the local people moved southward on a large scale, which opened the prelude to the continuous migration of Han people from the Central Plains to Fujian for thousands of years. The immigrants from the Central Plains who entered southern Fujian merged with local residents, forming the Fulao nationality with Minnan dialect as its characteristic. The Han nationality in the Central Plains who migrated from Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province to the mountainous areas in western Fujian Province constitutes another important ethnic group in Fujian-the Hakka ethnic group characterized by Hakka dialect.
Fujian Tulou is located in Nanshan District in the west of Fujian Province, where Fulao and Hakka meet. The terrain is steep and sparsely populated. At that time, wild animals appeared and bandits were everywhere. Living in groups is not only the requirement of the deep-rooted Confucian traditional concept in the Central Plains, but also the practical need to unite strength and jointly resist foreign enemies. Fujian tulou is built on the mountain with reasonable layout. It absorbs the "Feng Shui" concept of traditional architectural planning in China, adapts to the living and defense requirements of people living together, and skillfully uses the narrow flat land in mountainous areas and local building materials such as raw soil, wood and pebbles. It is a self-contained, economical, strong and defensive high-rise building type with great aesthetic feeling. These unique residential buildings in mountainous areas have pushed the long-standing rammed earth technology to the extreme. Hakka is an important ethnic group in the Han nationality, and its ancestors came from the Central Plains. Because of the war and disaster, the Hakkas have moved south on a large scale five times. Some of them moved to Fujian and formed Hakka clans.
In the long-term development process of Yongding Hakka earth building, the architectural art and style of each period have accumulated unique patterns and connotations. There are more than 20,000 earth buildings in Yongding, which is more than 2,200 square kilometers, including nearly 5,000 large buildings with more than three floors and more than 360 circular buildings. These tall and majestic earth buildings in Fiona Fang, with various facades, different shapes and natural villages as units, are patchwork and harmonious with the blue sky, green hills and green waters, forming a magnificent and extraordinary earth building group and a strange landscape that makes people lose their souls and seize their souls.
After marveling at the historic tulou, people can't help wondering: "How did the Hakkas create the magical tulou?" "How to breed several generations of Tulou people in Tulou" and other issues show more intense interest. Yes, Yongding Tulou is an outstanding representative of Hakka dwellings. It not only fully demonstrates Hakka culture, but also is closely linked with the roots of China traditional culture. Since the Western Jin Dynasty, some Han people in the Central Plains have gradually moved southward to the mountainous areas at the junction of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi for five times to avoid wars and floods, thus giving birth to a vibrant Han ethnic group-Hakka. Yongding became a pure Hakka county.
At first, they followed the ancient adobe building technology in the Central Plains and used local raw materials such as bamboo, wood, mud and stone to develop from simple wooden houses to adobe houses with mud walls and tiles. Live for the family and gradually build a large multi-storey adobe building with mature system. During the reign of Kanggan in Qing Dynasty, tobacco was widely planted in Yongding, and the cigarettes known as "Yan Kui" developed greatly and sold well in the whole country and Southeast Asia. A large number of tobacco merchants have made a fortune, and because they attach importance to education and training talents, officials have come forth in large numbers. The rich and some people in Yongding have the political status and economic foundation to build large-scale earth buildings, and the Hakka earth buildings in Yongding have a heyday unmatched by other Hakka areas. These tall earth buildings are perfect in technology and function because of their convenient materials, and also have high aesthetic value in modeling, which radiates to the surrounding areas of Hakka. Yongding earth building, as a masterpiece of Hakka earth building, has extremely profound cultural connotation and fully displays Hakka culture. "Tulou is an original ecological green building," Huang said. Tulou is warm in winter and cool in summer, with local materials and recycling, which fully embodies the "latest concept and highest realm" of green building pursued by people today in the most primitive form. "The construction of a new generation of green earth buildings should be highly valued."
Among the numerous shapes of earth buildings, the round earth building is the most magical and attractive, because in ancient China, people thought that the sky was round and the earth was square, and the ancients used a circle and a square to represent the sky and the earth, and worshipped it. In particular, I believe that the circle has infinite divine power, which brings people harmony and reunion of children and grandchildren. Fujian writer Huai said: "Tulou is a full stop, but it leads to countless question marks and exclamation points." Mao Mu Ichiro, a professor at Tokyo University of the Arts, said: "Earth buildings are like giant mushrooms popping out of the ground and black flying saucers falling from the sky." Claude, an architect of Harvard University in the United States, said: "Tulou is a bold and unique masterpiece of Hakka people. It shines with the wisdom of Hakka people and often excites me."
Tulou is an art palace. Every tulou is like a "big family, small society". In the tulou, dozens of families and hundreds of people living under the same roof share the same ancestry, are connected by blood, and live a harmonious life with doors, halls, ladders, courtyards and wells. This mode of living on the same floor typically reflects the traditional Hakka family ethics and family affection. Moreover, the Hakkas in the building live in equal rooms with the same floor and studio area, and there is no obvious difference in orientation, and there is no distinction between high and low. Living together on an equal footing embodies the Hakka people's harmonious family style and the tradition of equality and unity.
Fujian tulou, where many people live together, is a small and colorful society. There are 384 rooms in the Qilou of Yongding City, and more than 800 people lived at most. "Earth buildings are the most useful for building a harmonious society," said Xu Songsheng. Living in an earth building, everyone will help each other in everything, and the neighborhood relationship is very harmonious. "If a child is unfilial, there will be word of mouth, good study and bad criticism, which will play the role of educational restraint.
The heavy earth buildings in Fujian bear the heavy traditional culture. Thought-provoking couplets, private schools coexisting with buildings, and murals educating and educating people all stirred up the ideal of "self-cultivation and family harmony" and the pursuit of "perfection" of Tulou people in past dynasties. Zhenchenglou has a sub-name association, which is highly respected: cheer up and have no leisure. When you are young, strong and old, you must work hard; Becoming famous is not easy. Family affairs, state affairs and everything in the world should be concerned. Hongkeng Village has been opened as a cultural tourism village of Tulou in China. In addition to the provincial cultural relics protection unit Sincere Building, there are a number of unique earth buildings such as Wufeng Building, Fuyu Building, Palace-style Kuiju Building and Rusheng Building with the smallest diameter. Fiona Fang's peculiar earth buildings, eight scenic spots and simple folk customs are integrated into a gorgeous picture scroll, a moving poem and a beautiful song, which makes people intoxicated and relaxed.