The history of the ancient town of Kaiping can be traced back to a very long time, but its real rise ushered in unprecedented development after the garrison immigrants in the Ming Dynasty. Creation gives it a fortress position connecting Northeast China and North China, as well as valuable underground resources. However, with the arrival of people, its value has been excavated and embodied, especially the technology of firing ceramics brought by immigrants from Shanxi and Shandong, which has made this sleeping land have its own image label, and it has been endless since then, leaving a track on every page of history. The ancient town still has a long way to go today. Although it has an impressive industrial civilization, its profound historical and cultural heritage is the hottest in its blood. Seeking the roots is an eternal topic in the ancient town.
Kaiping has always been a battleground for military strategists. After the Ming Dynasty, it became the military and economic center of JD.COM. The Qing dynasty opened a school for military equipment here. /kloc-At the end of 0/9, Kaiping Ancient City was famous for its rich coal resources. At the end of the 20th century, it was also known as "the first village in Hebei" and "the star of villages and towns in China". The ancient temple fairs and flower fairs in Kaiping are very folk-custom, with a strong flavor of eastern Hebei.
A steep river runs through the whole territory, and the land is fertile, rich in rice, wheat, soybeans and corn; Rich mineral resources, coal, bauxite and limestone make industrial production develop rapidly. Kaiping, located in Jidong Plain at the southern foot of Fengshan Mountain in Yanshan Mountains, enjoys a superior geographical position, which is only 9.5 kilometers away from Tianjin Port, Qinhuangdao Port and Jingtang Port 100 km.
According to the Records of Luanzhou, during the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, Kaiping was a place of solitary bamboo, a mountain in the Spring and Autumn Period, a place of Yan State in the Warring States Period, a place of secluded country in Liaoxi County of Qin and Wei Dynasties, a place of fertile land in the Eastern Han and Wei Dynasties, a place of Lulong in the Northern Qi Dynasty, and a place from Shicheng County to Liaojin County in the Tang Dynasty, with Yifeng County as the yuan. Kaiping town is the main traffic artery in and out of Shanhaiguan and Beijing and Tianjin, and has always been a battleground for military strategists. Stationing troops and building bases, resisting foreign invasion and guarding the capital were once important military fortresses in history. In the first year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (1403), King Levin prepared the former site of Yifeng County. In the third year of Yongle, Kaiping Zhongtun Wei moved here from Calm (now Zhengding County, Hebei Province) and established Kaiping Town Garrison, which became a military center in northern Ming Dynasty. Judy, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, visited Kaiping twice and was stationed in Kaiping. In the 22 years of Ming reign, Datong, Xinghe and Kaiping were always regarded as important defense lines, and Hou and Bo were sent to defend Kaiping many times. After the establishment of Lizhong Tunwei, more than 5,000 foot soldiers moved here. Kaiping, once an earthen castle, was crowded with many little people. In the fourth year of Ming Chenghua (1468), Tucheng Castle was rebuilt into a masonry castle, and waterways were dredged, bridges were erected, and moats were dug, making it a solid and tidy town, which was easy to live in and defend. Many villages called "camps" and "villages" have been established in this era.
Before and after the establishment of Zhongtunwei in Kaiping, the Ming Dynasty constantly immigrated from densely populated areas such as Shandong and Shanxi, and the garrison and immigration brought political and economic prosperity and development in Kaiping. Garrison generals, family members of officials and wealthy businessmen are constantly building yamen, mansions and commercial outlets in Kaiping City. In the middle of Ming Dynasty, Kaiping had become a military and economic center with considerable scale and influence in JD.COM.
In the Ming Dynasty, Kaiping City was used as a place to store military food and military grass. According to Ji Fu Tong Zhi, "Kaiping City, 40 miles southeast of Feng Run County, was built in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty to store grain". The daily gathering in Kaiping created conditions for grain storage. The Chronicle of Old Luanxian County records: "In the third year of Ming Chenghua, a fair was held in Kaiping, and every month in the fifth month of the lunar calendar, the 10th day of the Five Elements was the fair day. The business in the town divides the markets of grain, wickerwork, farm tools, livestock, wood, local products, mountain products and department stores, and determines the market price. " On the eve of the founding of the People's Republic of China, after more than 500 years, it remained unchanged, but affected by the political situation, it flourished and declined. Riji promoted the production of goods, and some handicraft workshops opened one after another. According to research, the ancestor of the provincial superior product "Wang Shuang" brand Kaiping Knife came to Kaiping from Shandong more than 500 years ago. Grain and oil, food and meat processing and brewing industries began to rise. The "Shengquan" and "Gongshun Spring" opened by Shanxi people are the earliest two pots for dining tables in Kaiping.
During the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, the royal family began to allow the exploitation of underground coal in Kaiping. The development of small coal mines has brought the development of ceramics and carbonization industry. /kloc-at the end of 0/7, Kaiping large tanks were produced in the east and west cylinder kilns. At the end of 18 and the beginning of 19, the mining industry, ceramics industry and lime kiln in Kaiping area have begun to take shape, and the planting industry has also developed. Kaiping Town has become an important town with an annual grain harvest and a donation of 20,000 yuan.
/kloc-In the middle of the 9th century, the Qing Dynasty opened Kaiping Mining Bureau in Kaiping, and successively drilled wells in Qiaotun and Linxi for coal mining. Kaiping Town's economy has developed in an all-round way and reached its peak. According to the records of Luanxian County, after the Kaiping coal mine was opened in the fourth year of Guangxu (1878), people from all directions gathered, and the business in the town flourished, with more than 50 businessmen. Among them, there are eight major grain fields such as Gonghexing, Kaiwei and Dechang Stack. 22 department stores such as "Fu Sheng Xing"; There are 4 gold and silver jewelry buildings such as HSBC, more than 40 handicraft workshops such as wine making, sauce and vinegar brewing and food processing, and oil and foreign goods stores are very popular. The four big banks with Sun Jia Bank as the main body and their two pawn shops, Longlai and Ji Long, are the earliest financial and credit institutions in the town. There are six pharmacies in the town, and the "Deshengtang" opened in the Hongwu period in the early Ming Dynasty. Some elders listened to their memories. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the business of the town mainly gathered in the east and west streets of Kaiping, and the brewing industry was the most prosperous, and the streets and alleys were filled with wine fragrance. The business of pawnshops is also booming. "Longlai" pawnshop will accept everything from sickles and axes to antiques.
Every day, businessmen from all walks of life gather in Kaiping City, full of traffic and prosperity. Nearby Qian 'an, Zunhua, Feng Run, Luanxian and Laoting, as well as grain and oil, wood, charcoal, walnuts, chestnuts, peanuts, fresh goods, strips and pickled aquatic products outside the mouth, have entered the Kaiping market in large quantities. Kaiping market sells goods as soon as it arrives, especially when there is little food left in the market. In the poem "Kaiping Fu" in the late Qing Dynasty, there is "a thousand millet in Huang Deng's late season, and a melon in front of the green frost". "Millet in a thousand warehouses" does not generally refer to the affluence of farmers. In fact, it refers to Kaiping's extremely prosperous frying pans, the largest grain stores and the largest grain consumption throughput in Luanzhou, so it ranks first among the four major market towns in JD.COM.
After Kaiping Railway 1888 was opened to traffic, a large number of agricultural and sideline products were transported to Tianjin, Beijing and Northeast China through Kaiping, and Kaiping's commerce and trade developed rapidly. The ancient city of Kaiping became the political and economic center of western Luanzhou and eastern Tianjin.
Second: □ Li Shusheng
The period from the Ming and Qing Dynasties to the Opium War (1the end of the 6th century to 1840) was the decline period of China's feudal autocracy, which gave birth to the seeds of capitalism on the basis of feudal economic self-sufficiency. In the middle and late Ming dynasty, the commodity economy developed unprecedentedly, and some economically developed towns in the south of the Yangtze River appeared sparse capitalist buds. Kaiping, as the military and economic center of the north, also shows the weak bud of capitalism.
In the third or fourth year of Chenghua in the Ming Dynasty (1467 to 1468), the government changed the original earthen city in Kaiping into a brick castle. The stability of the city, the stability of social order and the increase of population make the consumption of residents increase continuously, which creates favorable conditions for Kaiping's economic development and cultivates the soil for the germination of capitalism.
In the early Ming Dynasty, the government organized large-scale immigration to Kaiping twice. Of the 2 14 villages, 147 were established in the Ming Dynasty, accounting for 75%. These immigrants from Shanxi, Shandong, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui and southern Hebei have built cottages and roads, cultivated land and raised six livestock, which has brought vitality to the rural economy. In order to encourage farmers to develop production, on the one hand, the government divides fields for immigrants and organizes reclamation; On the one hand, it appeals to the scattered aborigines to return to their original places to cultivate their original land. According to the records of Yongping Mansion, the refugees who belonged to the royal family resumed their jobs at that time, and they were "exempted from official duties for three years" and "newly reclaimed land was exempted from taxes for three years". In the first year of Yongle, in addition to the garrison, there were "278 hectares of wasteland, 3,348 stones of grain and 660 bundles of grain and grass". Immigrants reclaimed land and stationed troops in the fields, and soon there was a scene of "village to village, chickens and dogs heard each other" in the vast rural areas, and the rural economy was restored after the war.
Develop manual workshops. Kaiping is located in the plain at the southern foot of Yanshan Mountain, and there are rich mineral resources such as coal, bauxite, kaolin and limestone in the hilly areas in the north and west. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, small coal mines, small bauxite wells and small stone pits were mined by indigenous methods on the mountain ridge 3 kilometers north of Kaiping, which promoted the development of ceramic manual workshops and indigenous lime burning industry. Immigrants from Zaolinzhuang, Shandong Province and Jiexiu, Shanxi Province brought the technology of burning pots and pans, and since then, the kiln burning industry has appeared in China. There are as many as 60 or 70 ceramic factories firing porcelain in steamed bread kilns around Donggang Kiln and Xiguang Kiln, which are named after many kiln workshops. During the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, there were pots and pans, and the products were mainly coarse porcelain such as big pots, mouth pots, rice pots and rice bowls. The brewing industry is developed, including Kaiping Shengquan and Gongshun Spring. It can be said that "wine flags are everywhere and the streets are full of incense." There are nine sauce gardens, including Yongtai, and many oil-squeezing workshops. Luduo the blacksmith, the knives of the Wang family, the blacksmith of Shandong immigrants, and the small farm tools of the Huo family jingle every day.
The commodity economy is active. There are four streets in Kaiping city, and three streets outside the city, with merchants and shops. There are eight major grain fields, including Gonghexing, Yonghe Xing and Tianshunlou. After the autumn harvest, they concentrated on buying farmers' grain and supplying it to the people all the year round. Blessed are Shengxing and other cloth farms dealing in cloth and silk; There are more than 20 shops dealing in daily necessities, such as Chunmaoyong and Tianxinglong. Beneficial to the grocery stores such as Faxiang and Dechangyuan, underwriting foreign goods such as Mobil and Texaco. There are four jewelry buildings, such as HSBC and Yinjia Silversmith Store. There are Sun Shi bankers, Longlai and Longji pawnshops; There are 6 Chinese medicine shops such as Deshengtang and Tongrentang, Rende and Duoren Hospital, and 4 integrated Chinese and Western medicine clinics. In short, all kinds of marketing shops are complete.
Kaiping began to gather in the fourth year of Chenghua in the Ming Dynasty (1468), and the five elements of the lunar calendar gathered ten times. Every market day, merchants from all directions gather in the market. There are timber outside the customs, mules and horses outside the mouth, dried and fresh fruits from Zunhua, Qianxi and Qian 'an, grain from counties in eastern Hebei, fish, shrimp and seafood along the coast, from knitted department stores to tobacco, alcohol, tea and sugar. Bottle opening is famous for its full range of goods, large quantity and high turnover. It has become one of the important market towns in JD.COM, and is known as "Kaiping City". At the same time, the service industry has also developed greatly, and some traditional snacks have been born. Kaiping Twist, Kaiping Crispy Sugar, Crispy Sesame Cake, Tan Jia jiaozi, Zhao Jia Sliced Cake and Sun Jia Bacon are all the rage. Zhaijia car shop outside the west gate, Wangjiake shop outside the south gate, bathhouse, barber shop and restaurant also came into being.
Wage labor appeared. Shops and workshops in Kaiping are owned by family members or workers. There are as few as two or three people and as many as a dozen or twenty people. Most employees are long-term workers, and their employers give them a fixed salary, eat and live in the workshop, and provide three meals a day. There are also short-term ones. There are also temporary workers, who gather in the streets and lanes every morning to wait for employment. Wage labor is one of the basic economic characteristics of capitalism.
Financing channels have increased. In ancient times, the small-scale craftsmen in Kaiping had the desire to expand the production scale. The Xin Ming Porcelain Factory in Cylinder Kiln was expanded from one factory to one, two, three and four factories. In the way of raising funds, it is no longer limited to borrowing, but has joint-stock operation, such as "three-in-one (three-in-one homophonic) porcelain factory" and "Liuhe Sheng (Liuhe) porcelain factory". There are also technical shareholders. Donggang Yaoqin's family invests in building kilns, and often the family builds kiln technology, which is called pottery. To some extent, this reflects the requirements of the budding capitalist industry and commerce for development at that time, and also reflects the ideological tendency of the emerging citizen class.