In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Mongolian AD 1367, Zhu Yuanzhang, the leader of the peasant uprising at the end of Yuan Dynasty, held high the slogan of "expelling Land Rover and restoring China" and ordered Xu Da and Chang Yuchun to lead the army to the Northern Expedition. Before the arrival of the Ming army, Yuan Shundi abandoned Yuan (now Beijing) and fled to the grassland, ending the rule of Yuan Dynasty in the whole country. Since then, Mongolian society has entered the turbulent "Northern Yuan Dynasty".
In order to eliminate the remnants of Mongolia, Zhu Yuanzhang sent troops to the Northern Expedition, especially in the 21st year of Hongwu (A.D. 1388). Zhu Yuanzhang, the first emperor of Ming Dynasty, appointed aquamarine as the general, and Tang Shengzong and Guo Ying as the left and right lieutenants. He led a 500,000-strong army and suddenly attacked the Northern Yuan court in Yuhai (now Bell Lake). Genghis Khan personally enfeoffed the Eight Banners of Warm Khan, which suffered a devastating blow. Timur, the Mongolian Khan Togu, was killed by Suydier during his escape and took away the throne of the Mongolian Khan. Since then, Mongolian ministries have been separated, and feudal lords have been fighting endlessly for the grassland with abundant water and grass, and the Mongolian farmers and herdsmen under their control are miserable. Until the fifteenth grandson of Genghis Khan, Batumonko Dayan Khan, finally put down the civil strife and unified the Mongolian ministries.
Genghis Khan statue
After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, the Qing court used the Eight Banners system of the Qing Dynasty for reference, gradually implemented the Union Banner system in Mongolia, and implemented the policy of divide and rule over Mongolia, and set up the "Li Fan Academy" to manage Mongolian affairs. The so-called League Flag System is to divide Mongolia into three administrative organizations, namely, the General Banner of Inner Mongolia, the Zazak Banner of Outer Mongolia and the Lama Banner, according to the time when Mongolian ministries joined the Qing court and their loyalty to the imperial court. Among them, "foreign vassal Mongolia" is divided into inner Zazak and outer Zazak. The forty-nine banners of the six leagues in Monan Mongolia are collectively called "Nezasak", hence the name "Inner Mongolia"; Mobei Mongolia is collectively called "Outer Zasak", hence the name "Outer Mongolia". Based on the need to strengthen national defense and suppress people's resistance, the Qing government stipulated that all Zazak had no military power except Alashan and Ejina Banner.
After the Mongolian Revolution broke out in 19 1 1 in the Republic of China, various provinces in China publicized their independence. With the support of Russia, Zhebuzun Danba Hutuktu, the largest living Buddha of Tibetan Buddhism of the Gelug Sect in Mobei Mongolia, declared the independence of outer Mongolia on1910+02.28, calling himself the "Emperor of the Great Mongolian Empire" and changed to the Yuan Dynasty. There were nearly 240 Mongolian flags in the late Qing Dynasty, of which outer Mongolia accounted for 108. Once Outer Mongolia becomes independent, China will lose nearly 65,438+500,000 kilometers of vast land. Therefore, the independence of Outer Mongolia makes almost all China people indignant. Even Yuan Shikai, who was eager to be recognized by Russia, only recognized the autonomy of Outer Mongolia and insisted that Outer Mongolia was a part of China. In the end, Zhebuzundanba was forced to cancel its independence and accept Yuan Shikai's knighthood, calling it "Hutuke Tuhan", thus maintaining the status of maharaja's autonomy and still admitting that it was controlled by the China government.
19 17 After the success of the October Revolution in the Soviet Union, the Soviet government announced that it would no longer support Mongolian autonomy. 19 19, Zhebuzundanba unconditionally renounced autonomy and demanded that Outer Mongolia be taken back to the territory of the Republic of China. Xu Shuzheng, the Beiyang government, led troops into Outer Mongolia, abolished the autonomy of Outer Mongolia, conferred the title of Zhebuzundanba as Bogduohan, and set up the Northwest Frontier Mission Office in Kulun (now Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia), so that Outer Mongolia returned to the embrace of the motherland.
1820 map of Qing dynasty
Although the Beiyang government regained outer Mongolia with a strong iron fist government, it also made the Mongolian princes lose their superior life and privileges in the past, which laid a curse for the subsequent division of Mongolia. With the fall of Duan, Outer Mongolia fell into chaos. After the Anhui War, Xu Shuzheng led the main troops back to the mainland to participate in the revolution, leaving only some troops in Cullen. 192 1 year, Baron Enqin of Belarus took the opportunity to seize the Mongolian regime, and Zhebuzundanba returned to the khanate and set up the so-called "autonomous government", challenging the Russian troops stationed in Cullen many times. The China Garrison was far away from the mainland, and the rescue was ineffective, so it was forced to leave Cullen, partly to return to the mainland, and partly to the trade city (now the border between Mongolia and Russia in the northern part of Selenger).
192 1 year, with the help of the Comintern, Joe Balsam and sukhbaatar announced the establishment of the Mongolian People's Party (hereinafter referred to as the People's Revolutionary Party), and then asked the Soviet government to help fight for revolution and national independence. 192 1 In June, the Soviet Red Army and the Mongolian People's Party jointly captured Cullen, captured Wen Ganlun alive, and drove the China troops stationed in the trade city out of Outer Mongolia. 10 In July, Zhebuzundanba became the constitutional monarch of the Mongolian regime.
1924, Zhebuzundanba died suddenly in Cullen. In order to seize power, the Mongolian People's Party announced that it would no longer look for reincarnation, adopted an independent national constitution, formally established the Mongolian People's Republic, and renamed it Ulaanbaatar. Ulan means "red" in Mongolian, while barto means "warrior" in Mongolian, which shows that this is a red city of warriors. However, the government of China has never recognized the legitimacy of its regime.
In the spring of Mongolia 1945 after World War II, Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill held secret talks in Yalta, Crimea. In order to let the Soviet Union send troops to the northeast of China to expel the Japanese, the United States was forced to give up the status quo that "Outer Mongolia belongs to China" and recognize the condition that "the status quo of Outer Mongolia (Mongolian People's Republic) should be maintained" put forward by the Soviet Union. After the Yalta Agreement, which seriously damaged China's sovereignty, reached China, Chiang Kai-shek sent Song Ziwen and Jiang Jingguo to the Soviet Union for mediation. In order to support the independence of Outer Mongolia, Stalin played three trump cards: the Soviet Union controlled Manchuria and Xinjiang, threatened Inner Mongolia, supported the Communist Party of China (CPC), and approached the Kuomintang authorities to submit. In order to get the promise that the Soviet Union would not support the Communist Party of China (CPC), the Kuomintang authorities even humiliated the country and signed the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance with the Soviet Union, saying that the independence of Outer Mongolia depends on the true wishes of the people of Outer Mongolia. Therefore, under the careful organization of choibalsan, the people of outer Mongolia held a referendum and won 482 19 1 vote. It is said that no one opposes independence. In desperation, the China National Government recognized the independence of Outer Mongolia on10.5, and 1946 established diplomatic relations in Chongqing on February 7.
Ulaanbaatar (the capital and largest city of Mongolia)
1952, Chiang Kai-shek in Taipei abrogated the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance and refused to recognize the independence of the Mongolian People's Republic on the grounds that the Soviet Union obstructed its efforts to restore Manchuria's sovereignty and helped the Communist Party of China (CPC) in the civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. After Stalin's death, the China administration began negotiations with the Soviet Union on issues left over from history. Through negotiations, the Soviet Union returned the right to operate the military port of Lvda and the Northeast Railway. However, when Premier Zhou raised the issue of Mongolia, it was rejected by Khrushchev of the Soviet Union, and the China government once again lost the opportunity to recover Outer Mongolia. All this was caused by the Sino-Soviet treaty of friendship and alliance signed by the Kuomintang government and the Soviet Union.
Postscript Although Outer Mongolia is independent, its economy is extremely underdeveloped because it is a landlocked country with little arable land, most of its territory is covered by grassland, and there are large areas of Gobi Desert in the south. Take 20 19 as an example, the gross national product (GNP) is138.4 billion US dollars, while the GNP of 20 1721200 million RMB in China and Inner Mongolia is17 times higher than that in Mongolia.
Who knows whether the Mongolian people's choice is right or wrong?