Zhang Qian's two missions to the Western Regions opened the door for China to communicate with Central Asia, West Asia, South Asia, Europe and other countries, and set up a bridge for friendly exchanges between China and western countries. At the same time, it also promoted the cultural and economic exchanges and development between the East and the West, and injected new vitality into the civilization and progress of the whole world, which can be proved in the literature records. First, Zhang Qian, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, began to "deal with the barbarians in the southwest" after he went to the Western Regions. After Zhang Qian returned to the Han Dynasty, he reported what he had learned during his mission to the Western Regions. "The Emperor of Heaven heard that Dayuan and Daxia are big countries, with many strange things and many indigenous people, which are quite similar to China, but the soldiers are weak and expensive. There are Da Yue and Kangju in the north, and the soldiers are strong. " And sincere righteousness, Wan Li spread widely, extremely vulgar and weeds all over the world. The son of heaven gladly thought it was natural and made money because of his trip. This shows that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty began to order Zhang Qian to merge with the Fourth Road and develop to the southwest only after Zhang Qian introduced the Fourth Road into the summer. Second, after Zhang Qian's second mission to the Western Regions, Korea began friendly exchanges with countries in the Western Regions. Zhang Qian's second mission to the Western Regions returned to Han, bringing with him an envoy from Wusunguo. After the emissary of Wu Sunguo returned to China, "his country is beneficial to Han", and the two countries began friendly exchanges on the basis of equality. In the following year, Zhang Qian's envoys in Wusun Kingdom and envoys from western countries returned to Han. At this time, Han and western countries had formal equal and friendly exchanges between countries. After Zhang Qian's death, Xiongnu heard that Wusunguo was connected with Han and wanted to attack Wusunguo. Wu Sun Guojun was afraid and hoped to unite with Han, so he "sent envoys to offer horses, hoping to be the master of Shang Han Weng and Kundi". After Han was hired, he asked Wu Sunguo to marry him. Since then, relations between the two countries have become increasingly close. In order to strengthen the contact with the western countries, the Han Dynasty began to "set up an order in the west, set up Jiuquan County at the beginning, and communicate with the northwest countries", while "more and more envoys arrived in the rest, Chae Yeon, Li Xuan (now Rome * * * and China), Tiaozhi (now Iraq) and countries with drugs. After that, the first climax of diplomatic activities between the Han Dynasty and western countries began to arrive. With the keen sense of smell peculiar to soldiers, Zhang Qian began to pay attention to every water source and meadow after he entered the control area of Xiongnu, and recorded it in detail. He also told Emperor Wu that he had seen a good horse in Dawan country (now Fergana Valley) with amazing endurance and speed. They have a legendary name-"bloody BMW". It is said that they sweated profusely after running fast, which was later proved to be a symptom caused by parasitic infection. Zhang Qian praised them as the best mounts for cavalry in the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu himself likes horses very much. As soon as he heard there was such a BMW, he naturally wanted it. At this time, the attitude of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty also changed. He believed that although the alliance could not be reached, trade was still a good choice, although many envoys sent by Emperor Wu were looted by nomadic tribes. Soon, Zhang Qian joined the army of General Wei Qing, and his official position was a captain. Because he has accumulated a lot of experience in collecting intelligence, Zhang Qian is mainly responsible for spying on intelligence and providing supplies along the way. In the north, Wei Qing led troops to fight fiercely with Xiongnu. It was Zhang Qian's information about the distribution of water and pasture that helped the Han army. They won a series of victories, so Zhang Qian was named Hou. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was in no hurry to seek success, and decided to implement a two-step strategy to win the support of these countries. First of all, he launched a war against the Huns, which won a great victory and killed 90 thousand Huns. Then in BC 10 1 year, it captured the Dawan country in Central Asia, the hometown of blood BMW. But in fact, taking these famous horses is just an excuse for Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent messengers to Dawan several times, following in Zhang Qian's footsteps, and did not hesitate to exchange a large sum of money for a blood horse, but King Dawan refused his request again and again. For the last time, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Han Buhai, an emissary, to exchange a golden horse and many valuable gifts for a horse with Han blood. King Dawan is still unwilling to hand over the BMW, but he really wants the treasure sent by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. He killed the messenger and took the treasure. Emperor Wu finally found an excuse to send troops. The advance troops he sent were all composed of domestic criminals and hooligans. They didn't carry enough materials and asked other countries along the way. If they don't hand over the food, they are regarded as accomplices of the big bowl. Not surprisingly, this army failed, but it also paralyzed Dawanguo. How could Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty accept such failure? He then mobilized nearly 200,000 troops to assemble in Dunhuang. It is said that all the drinking water in Dawanguo was taken from outside the city, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty specially sent several water conservancy experts to accompany him. The Han army cut off the hidden water diversion system of Dawan Capital and soon conquered the whole tribe. The victorious Han army returned home in triumph. Central Asian countries along the way were all shocked when they heard that the Han army had conquered Dawan State. Princes and nobles from all over the country sent sons and nephews to follow the Han army back to the Central Plains. They paid tribute to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and stayed in the Han Dynasty as hostages to show their loyalty to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. So far, Zhang Qian's strategy of expanding the influence of the Han Dynasty in Central Asia through diplomatic means and trade has been successful. The biggest implementer of this diplomatic strategy is undoubtedly Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, but Zhang Qian, as an advocate and practitioner, deserves more respect. Unfortunately, Zhang Qian didn't wait until his ambition was realized, and he died the next year after returning from Wusunguo.

Meaning to the author

Zhang Qian not only opened the "Silk Road" for the trade between China and western countries, but also became the first envoy to go abroad in the history of China. At the same time, through his diplomatic practice, he publicized the diplomatic concept of equal treatment and frank communication between countries for the first time, which laid a solid foundation for the prosperity of China in Han Dynasty and the development of later generations, with far-reaching influence. Zhang Qian died the next year after he returned to China. He sent two missions to the Western Regions, which opened up a channel for cultural exchanges between China and the West and strengthened the ties between the Western Han Dynasty and the Western Regions. Sima Qian, a historian at that time, praised Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions as "hollowing out", which means "opening the way". Later, this road went out of Yumenguan, passed through the north-south road of Tianshan Mountain, crossed the green ridge, and led to Central Asia or beyond, and became the Silk Road that was celebrated throughout the ages. As the Tang Dynasty with rapid economic development, the author expounds that this moment of economic prosperity is to commemorate Zhang Qian and others.

Significance to local culture

Due to the contacts of Zhang Qian and others, the economic and cultural exchanges between the Han Dynasty and the Western Regions became increasingly frequent. Grapes, walnuts, alfalfa, pomegranate, carrots, horses, carpets and so on were introduced into the mainland from the western regions, enriching the economic life of the Han nationality. Han people's cast iron, ditching, sinking and other technologies, as well as silk products and metal tools, spread to the western regions, which promoted the economic development of the western regions. Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions and came into contact with the customs of the countries in the Western Regions. It was the Han dynasty that began to understand the countries in the western regions. It established a friendly relationship between the Han Dynasty and the Western Regions, and laid the foundation for the later Western Han government to set up the Western Regions Capital Protection Office, so that the Western Regions were officially under the jurisdiction of the Western Han government. In 60 BC, the government of the Western Han Dynasty set up the Western Regions Capital Protection House, which was in charge of western region affairs and protected business travel. Since then, Xinjiang has been officially under the rule of the central government. Zhang Qian braved hardships and made two missions to the Western Regions to communicate the trade relations between China and West Asia and Europe. China's silk and silk products were transported from Chang 'an to the west, through Hexi Corridor, now Xinjiang, to Rest (now Iranian Plateau and two river basins), and then from Rest to Daqin in West Asia and Europe (the name of Roman Empire in China history books in Han Dynasty), which opened up a famous "Silk Road" in history. The successful strategies of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and Zhang Qian won the guarantee of trade, construction and unification for China. At the same time, Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions is of far-reaching significance to China and western history. In BC 105, the emissary followed in Zhang Qian's footsteps and came to today's Iranian territory, where he met the king of the interest country. The envoys of the Han Dynasty laid gorgeous and smooth silk at the monarch's feet. The king was so happy that he gave it back to Emperor Wu with ostrich eggs and a magic troupe. This marks the formal establishment of the Silk Road connecting Eastern China and the Western Roman Empire. In the following years, Zhang Qian's name was remembered by people in the East and West. The Han Dynasty established friendly relations with countries in the western regions, and the northern and southern Tianshan Mountains were connected with the mainland for the first time. Promoted the social progress in the western region; Enriched the material life of the Central Plains.

The Significance of Art History

The murals in the late Tang Dynasty are similar to the political situation in the Tang Dynasty. After the Tubo occupation, it declined from the prosperity of Kaiyuan. Although there were many excellent works during the Tubo occupation, which made the Tang Dynasty prosperous in artistic level, the general trend was declining. In character modeling, he fully grasped the mystery of "using the bone method to use the pen" and paid attention to the organic combination of bone and meat. Most of the figures are even and rich in shape, and the Bodhisattva has eliminated the posture of twisting Ni, and appeared a posture of standing upright legs, slightly twisting waist and natural harmony. The composition of the painting has been finalized, and the expressive force of line drawing modeling has been greatly improved. The shapes outlined by orchid leaves are tall and vigorous, while the delicate ones are gentle and beautiful, which is extremely wonderful in expressing the texture of objects. Soil red line, as the stereotyped line of characters, became the characteristic of line drawing in Tubo period. The color is not as rich as in the previous period, but there are two kinds of packages with different tastes: one is based on white walls, mainly green, and the color is novel and elegant; The other is earthy, Zhu and Wan are slightly heavier, and the tone is thick and moist. The most exquisite figures can be said to be "writing with poverty" and "acting according to reason". Therefore, the style of the characters is quite "broad-minded" and "noble-minded". This is the style of Tubo occupation. Because the artistic language of shaping characters-colors and lines are becoming more and more sophisticated, we try our best to "change the spirit" in character modeling, break through the procedure of type personality, and gradually pay attention to the spiritual realm expressed by the characters' walking, living, sitting, lying, walking and speaking, from the aspects of face, obedience, posture, relationship between characters, relationship between characters and environment, and local plot.

Meaning to oneself

In the difficult process of going to the Western Regions, Zhang Qian inherited the excellent moral character of China's predecessors, and established the basic principles of diplomatic activities with his own personal practice, setting a brilliant example for future generations. Its contents mainly include: Zhang Qian's inscription.

[3] 1) Maintain integrity and safeguard national interests. Zhang Qian made his first mission to the Western Regions, which lasted for thirteen years. He was bullied and lured by Xiongnu and imprisoned for a long time. He even used his wife and children to shake Zhang Qian's will to go to the Western Regions, which was undoubtedly an extremely difficult test for Zhang Qian. But Zhang Qian made the right choice between personal interests and national interests. His fearless spirit of sacrificing personal interests and even life is the basic quality that a diplomatic envoy must possess, and it is also the most important principle that a diplomatic envoy must adhere to when engaging in diplomatic activities between countries. 2) Equality and mutual benefit, mutual respect and safeguarding national dignity. Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions for the second time, because Wusunguo was close to Xiongnu, so he was far away from the Han Dynasty. "Kunmo met Khan." This shows that Zhang Qian did not receive him with an equal attitude at the beginning of Wusun Kingdom. Although Zhang Qian was ashamed, he didn't treat it negatively. Instead, he skillfully used words like "the son of heaven gave it, and if you don't worship it, you will return it" to force Wu Sunguo to visit again. On the one hand, it shows Zhang Qian's wit, flexibility and eloquence. More importantly, he saved the dignity of the country with his own wisdom. It is Zhang Qian's humble attitude and daring to take risks and struggle that can achieve equality, mutual benefit, mutual respect and friendly coexistence between countries, and successfully complete the lofty mission of going to the western countries for the second time. Zhang Qian spirit is an indispensable basic accomplishment of a national emissary. 3) Believe in beauty and love, be honest and trustworthy, and create an honest and trustworthy ethnic friendly communication environment. Zhang Qian's belief in beauty, love and honesty was recorded in Historical Records, such as "Zhang Qian was strong, broad-minded and credible, loved barbarians, and his father died in Huiji, so he was good at shooting, but poor and addicted to shooting animals for food". An indirect account of Zhang Qian's honesty can be found in his writing.

To sum up, Zhang Qian is the first diplomatic activist in the history of China to go abroad to carry out diplomatic activities. He not only opened the door of ancient China for the first time, but also opened up the "Silk Road" of equality, mutual benefit and friendly exchanges between countries, which promoted the economic, cultural and political exchanges and cooperation between the Chinese nation and countries in Central Asia, West Asia, South Asia and Europe, and made outstanding contributions to the progress of world civilization and social development. At the same time, his diplomatic practice established the basic principles of equal exchanges and friendly coexistence between countries. It laid the ideological foundation for the diplomatic activities between countries later, and provided the foundation for the formation and development of the basic norms of diplomatic activities in the world today, which has had a far-reaching impact and will continue to play a greater role; It also set a monument for later diplomatic envoys to carry out diplomatic activities and became a model for later diplomats.