Shanxi Province is located in the east wing of the Loess Plateau in the west of North China. Geographical coordinates are 34 34' ~ 40 43' north latitude and110/4' ~114 33' east longitude. It is about 290 kilometers wide from east to west and 550 kilometers long from north to south. The total area of the province is156,300 square kilometers, accounting for 1.6% of the total area of the country. Shanxi has a complex topography, including mountains, hills, plateaus, basins, platforms and other landform types. Mountains and hills account for more than two-thirds of the total area, and most of them are between 1000 meters and 2000 meters above sea level. The highest point is Wutai Mountain Beitai Wild Bean Peak, with an altitude of 3058 meters, and the lowest point is at the place where the Xiyang River enters the Yellow River in Yuanqu County, with an altitude of only 180 meters. The outline of the boundary is a parallelogram inclined from northeast to southwest. In the east, there is the majestic Taihang Mountain as a natural barrier, adjacent to Hebei Province. The west and south are cut by the surging Yellow River, facing Shaanxi Province and Henan Province; It borders the Inner Great Wall in the north and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Shanxi is a plateau sandwiched between the valley in the middle reaches of the Yellow River and Taihang Mountain. The mountainous area accounts for more than 70% of the total area of the province. Looking at the plane map of Shanxi, it is an oblique rectangle, from northeast to southwest, with a width of about 290 kilometers from east to west and a length of about 550 kilometers from north to south. Topographically, this is a plateau composed of many complex mountains. There are many mountains in Shanxi. The mountains are undulating, the hills are undulating, and the ravines are vertical and horizontal, steep and majestic. Mostly mountains and hills. Taihang Mountain in the east, Luliang Mountain in the west, Hengshan Mountain and Wutai Mountain in the north, Zhongtiao Mountain in the south and Taiyue Mountain in the middle. Dou Feng, the main peak of Wutai Mountain, is 3058 meters above sea level, which is the highest peak in North China. There are Datong, Xinzhou, Taiyuan, Linfen, Changzhi and Yuncheng basins in the middle from north to south. There are many rivers in Shanxi, with more than 0/000 large and small rivers/kloc-,including 240 rivers with a drainage area of more than 0/00 square kilometers and a river length of more than 4,000 square kilometers, and Fenhe River, Qinhe River, Sushui River and Sanchuan River with a river length of more than 0/50 kilometers. Fenhe River is the longest, with a total length of 659 kilometers. Rivers flowing into the Yellow River include Qinhe River, Sushui River and Fenhe River. Fenhe River runs through the whole province. This is the main river in the province. Originated in ningwu county, the total length is 76 1 km. It is the second largest tributary of the Yellow River after the Weihe River. Sanggan River, Hutuo River and Zhanghe River also originated in Shanxi and merged into Haihe River system. The Yellow River, the mother river, starts from Laoniuwan, Pianguan County in the north, flows for thousands of miles, reaches fenglingdu, Ruicheng County, turns east, and goes out to Nianpangou, Yuanqu County in the south, passing through 560 villages in 19 County, and flows for 965 kilometers. The Yellow River flows through the Shanxi-Shaanxi Gorge, and the riverbed suddenly drops 15 to 20 meters in Hukou area of Jixian County, and the flowing water goes straight down, forming a spectacular Hukou Waterfall. There are six great basin in Shanxi, namely Datong Basin, Xinzhou Basin, Taiyuan Basin, Linfen Basin, Yuncheng Basin and Changzhi Basin. In addition, there are small basins in the east, such as Yangquan, Shouyang, xiang yuan, Licheng and Jincheng. Shanxi lies inland on the east coast of the mainland. The outer edge is surrounded by mountains. Therefore, it is difficult to be influenced by the sea breeze and form a relatively strong continental climate. At the same time, due to the attack of cold air mass in Inner Mongolia in winter, the north is relatively cold, forming the climate characteristics of Shanxi; Winter is long, cold and dry; Summer is short, hot and rainy; In spring, the daily temperature difference is large and there are many sandstorms; Autumn is short and the climate is mild. Shanxi province belongs to temperate and warm temperate monsoon climate zone, that is, temperate continental climate. The average precipitation is 400-650 mm, and Shanxi is located in the mid-latitude region with a warm temperate and temperate continental climate. Leng Xia is warm in winter, with four distinct seasons, with great difference between north and south and great vertical difference. Shanxi's topography is diverse, and the height difference is very wide. There is not only zonal latitude climate, but also obvious vertical variation. Shanxi is located in the middle latitude, not far from the sea, but due to the barrier of mountains, the summer monsoon has little influence, belonging to the temperate continental monsoon climate. The annual average temperature is 3 ~ 14℃, with large temperature difference between day and night and north and south. The average temperature in the western Yellow River Basin, Taiyuan Basin and most parts of southeastern Shanxi is between 8 ~ 10℃. The average annual temperature in Linfen and Yuncheng basins is 65438 02 ~ 65438 04℃. The temperature in the whole province is below 0℃ in winter and generally higher in summer, and the temperature in July is between 2 1 ~ 26℃. The frost-free period in Shanxi is long in the south and short in the north, and the Pingchuan mountain area is short. Datong basin is 1 10 ~ 140 days, Wutai mountain is only 85 days, northern and eastern mountainous areas of Xinzhou basin are 135 ~ 155 days, Linfen and Yuncheng basins are 200 ~ 220 days. The annual precipitation in the province is 400 ~ 650 mm, but the seasonal distribution is uneven. The precipitation from June to August in summer is highly concentrated and rainy, accounting for more than 60% of the whole year. The precipitation in the whole province is greatly influenced by topography, with many mountains and few basins. There are three rainy areas in Shanxi, one is Taihang Mountain and Zhongtiao Mountain in the southeast of Shanxi, the other is Wutai Mountain, and the third is Luliang Mountain.
Feudal social period
From 445 BC to 396 BC, Wei Wenhou came to power and appointed Li Kui and others to carry out political reforms.
In 65438 BC+027 BC to 65438 BC+065438 BC+09 BC, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing counterattacked the Huns, which relieved the Huns from invading the Western Han Dynasty.
In 308, Liu Yuan, a Xiongnu aristocrat, founded the Han Dynasty and moved the capital to Pingyang.
In 398, the Northern Wei Dynasty moved its capital to Pingcheng.
In 399, Faxian went to Tianzhu to study Buddhism.
In 6 17, Li Yuan and Zi Shiming, who stayed in Taiyuan, set out and crossed the river into Chang 'an.
In 690, Wu Zetian proclaimed himself emperor and changed the title of Zhou.
In 95 1 year, Liu Chong proclaimed himself emperor in Taiyuan and established the Northern Han Dynasty.
In 986, Yang Ye led the troops to recover Yun Yun, Shuozhou and Huanying. Later, due to Pan Mei's improper command, he was defeated in Langya Village, Shuozhou.
1 126 nomads from Shanxi captured Taiyuan, then went south, captured Kaifeng, and the Northern Song Dynasty perished.
1357 the northern red scarf army marched into Shanxi.
From 1630 to 1644, the peasant uprising army entered Shanxi on a large scale three times in the late Ming Dynasty.
1660 Liu' an mobile phone users "burned the machine" to resist feudal exploitation.
1in April, 853, Zhao Shun led the peasant uprising.
In modern times, there were Chiang Kai-shek War, Pingxingguan Victory, Xinkou Anti-Japanese War, Taiyuan Liberation and so on.