Achang
I visited Beijing last August. When I came to the Millennium Monument, I was deeply impressed by its magnificent architecture and novel design. From the eternal flame to a bronze avenue that records China's great deeds, every step I take seems to be a million years ago, sharing joys and sorrows with my ancestors. The main part of the Millennium Monument is inlaid with totems of 56 nationalities, and each totem shows the lifestyle of different nationalities. So now we can appreciate these totems and be proud of the long history of China culture. Have a good look at the Millennium Monument when you are free! )
The population is 27708. Mainly distributed in Longchuan and lianghe county in Dehong Prefecture, Yunnan Province, and a few in Yingjiang, Luxi and Ruili counties, Longling and Tengchong counties in Baoshan area.
Achang people use Achang language, which belongs to the Burman branch of Tibetan-Burmese language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. There are three dialects: Lianghe, Longchuan and Luxi. Achang people are generally familiar with Chinese or Dai language because they have lived with Han and Dai people for a long time. Achang people have no written language and are used to Chinese and Dai. Achang people live in compact communities and generally believe in Hinayana Buddhism.
In China's history books, besides "Chang", there are other names such as "Chang E", "Chang E" and "Chang E". Because of different living areas, some people call themselves "Mensah Mountain", "Linsa" and "Hansa". Their ancestors lived in Jinsha River, Lancang River and Nujiang River basins in northwest Yunnan for a long time. About13rd century, after many migrations, they gradually settled in the place where they now live. Achang people learned the techniques of cultivating paddy fields and making ironware from the Han army stationed in the frontier, which promoted the division of labor between agriculture and handicrafts and made a preliminary development of commodity economy. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, Achang areas were under the jurisdiction of Nanzhao and Dali regimes. Tusi system has been implemented in Ming and Qing dynasties. Before liberation, Achang area was in feudal lords economy, and the landlord economy had developed to some extent. At that time, the lords were mostly Dai chiefs and the landlords were mostly Han Chinese.
Bai (ba)
The population is 1594827. Mainly living in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, others are distributed in various parts of Yunnan Province and Bijie Prefecture of Guizhou Province, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan Province and Sangzhi County of Hunan Province. Bai people use Bai language, which belongs to Yi branch of Tibeto-Burman language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. There are three dialects: southern, central and northern. Most Bai people use their own language and are familiar with Chinese. Since the Tang Dynasty, Bai people have used square white characters based on Chinese characters to record white characters. Because of the communication between Han and Bai, the Bai people have been learning the advanced culture of Han for a long time, so the Bai language contains a large number of Chinese words, and Chinese has long been the common language of the Bai people. White worship is equivalent to the master of the village god and believes in Buddhism.
Bai nationality has a long history and developed culture. Bai ancestors lived in Erhai area for a long time. Archaeological excavations of Canger site and Haimenkou site show that residents lived and multiplied in Erhai area at the latest in Neolithic Age.
Bai people use polished stone tools, engage in simple farming, animal husbandry, fishing and hunting, and live a semi-cave life. More than 2000 years ago, metal tools were used to develop agriculture and animal husbandry. In the 2nd century AD, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up a county in Canger area. In the 8th-/Kloc-0th-3rd century, Nanzhao, a slave regime dominated by Yi and Bai ancestors, and Dali, a feudal Lord regime dominated by Bai people, appeared successively. More than 90% of the Bai people are engaged in agricultural production, and the level of agricultural development is relatively high. Bai people call themselves "Bai Zi", "Bai Gang" and "Bai Ni", which means white in Chinese. 1956, officially named Bai according to the wishes of the Bai people.
Around the Mountain Forest-"Around the Mountain Forest" is the largest annual song and dance gathering of Bai people, which is held from April 23rd to April 25th every year. By then, each village will form a singing and dancing team of dozens or hundreds of people. In front of the team are two elders (or young men), holding willow branches and yak tails as the guide, followed by the crowd singing "Bai Folk Tune", and finally, a dance team composed of young men and women holding "overlord whip", "octagonal drum" and "flying swallow" respectively. A group of people were walking around Cangshan along Erhai Lake, singing and dancing. When I was in Lu Yu with other village song and dance troupes, I only heard loud "white tones", one after another; Suona plays the vibration valley; The beating sound of "Bawangbian", "Octagonal Drum" and "Flying Swallow" is even louder, and the scenes are grand and warm. ?
"overlord whip", "octagonal drum" and "flying swallow" are three different dance props, which are often used at the same time. Most young women dance "overlord whip", while young men dance "octagonal drum" and "flying swallow". The "overlord whip" is a bamboo stick with copper coins at both ends (dancing in the middle), which is basically the same as the "Jin Qiangun" in the Han area; "Octagonal drum" is actually a hexagonal single-sided sheepskin tambourine, which dances with the drum edge; "Shuangfeiyan" consists of two small bamboo boards, decorated with ribbons, with one pair in each hand. Although the props are different, the basic movements and rhythms of the dance are the same. All three props have the characteristics of percussion instruments, so the dance has a strong sense of rhythm. ?
The dancer wears a colored towel on her left little finger and holds props in her right hand. There are various styles of play, including "Eight strokes", "Twelve strokes" and "Sixteen strokes". The main action is to tap shoulders, chest, arms, legs, knees, feet and the ground with props, and at the same time do "lunge", tremble up and down or March, jump, squat and other actions. , and the action is very rich. The dance is vigorous when the action range is large, and lively when the action range is small. ?
Generally speaking, performances are performed in the order of solo, duet and group dance. Its formations are "Phoenix wears flowers" (that is, "two dragons spit water" or two vertical rows cross each other), "double picking flowers" (two people dance in pairs), "five clubs" (five people form a "plum blossom" shape) and "one street" (all people form a queue and jump on one leg). ?
After liberation, "Surrounding the Mountain Forest" appeared in major festivals and celebrations as a form of song and dance activities. 1958, "Around the Mountain Forest" was put on the stage for the first time, and it was adapted and processed again and again, which was welcomed by the Bai people. At the same time, dances such as "overlord whip" are constantly enriched and improved.
Seedling planting meeting-"seedling planting meeting" is a song and dance activity before and after seedling planting. Spread in Eryuan County, it originated from praying for good weather and good harvests. This song and dance activity is closely related to tree planting from beginning to end. It consists of several parts: erecting seedling flag, opening seedling gate, competing for flag and field. First of all, a man dressed as a seedling official held a gong and urged the masses to erect a banner embroidered with "Harvest of Grains" and a "seedling flag" decorated with colored balls and pheasant feathers, with a big bucket four feet high tied to it. Then, the rice seedling officer pulled up the first rice seedling in the rice seedling field, and jumped up "the heron stretched his foot" (that is, one leg stretched backward) and "the crane spread its wings" (both hands were in a flying posture). Suona imitates the cuckoo's cry and blows the tune of "Cuckoo welcomes spring", which is considered as opening the "seedling door". Then Miao Guan knocked gong to urge everyone to transplant rice quickly. At this time, the well-dressed teenagers picked out the seedlings, and the girls transplanted the seedlings. With the sound of suona playing, they began to transplant the seedlings. People play suona in the fields while transplanting rice seedlings. During the tense and pleasant labor break, people who don't work hard are punished and asked to dance with seedlings on their heads for fun, which is called "catching lazy people". After planting the seedlings, everyone danced around Miao Guan with octagonal drums and overlord whip to lead him back to the village, beating Miao Guan while jumping to show their respect and gratitude. Finally, Tian performed happily at the head of the village. Different people dressed as fishermen, firewood people, plowmen and scholars took turns to perform, and the language was funny, singing and dancing, and celebrating the end of planting seedlings while talking.
Singing in the West Hills-"Singing in the West Hills" is a form of Bai people's song and dance ("beating" means stepping, "singing" means singing, "beating" means stepping). It is popular in the Xishan area of Eryuan, and it is an entertainment activity for wedding and festive festivals. This dance is not accompanied by musical instruments, and the singer leads the dance with a bowl of wine and tea. Let's sing or ask and answer questions. Everyone often dances around the bonfire and often uses the call sign to coordinate the steps. In the past, most of the "singing" movements were three steps to the left and three steps to the right, and then both feet stamped and squatted together, as well as simulated labor movements and animal forms, such as "monkey spinning" (the action of hands wrapped around the chest); "Beat the horse rack" (put your feet out) and so on. With the development of society, "Big Brother Xishan" has gradually formed a complete set of dance vocabulary. In recent years, it has become a kind of song and dance when young men and women get together, and the dance movements have developed into dozens of different combinations. The action is characterized by loose upper body, swinging arms with footsteps and turning quickly. Among them, stamping one foot on the ground and then stretching one foot forward is the representative step of Xishan singing.
Dragon Dance-"Dragon Dance": There are many legends about dragons among the Bai people. "Dragon Dance" originated from the legend that Little Huanglong defeated Big Black Dragon. Once upon a time, there was a big black dragon who was very angry because he lost his robe. In a rage, he blocked the Haiwei River and the Dali dam sank into the sea. Seeing that the people suffered from floods, Xiao Huanglong struggled with the big black dragon for three days and three nights before winning. ?
The little Huanglong in Dragon Dance is carefully tied with yellow satin, beautiful turtles, cranes, herons, phoenixes, and lanterns such as plum, lotus, chrysanthemum and peony as a foil for the little Huanglong. Black cloth is tied into a big black dragon, and fish, shrimp, frogs and mussels are tied out as a foil for the big black dragon. Under the guidance of two men dressed as dragon girls, the dragon lantern soon went away, vividly reappearing the scene of the struggle between the little Huanglong and the big black dragon. ?
In addition, there are other forms of dragon dancing among the Bai people, such as bamboo tied into retractable dragons and cloth dragons.
Smoke-pot Dance-"Smoke-pot Dance" is an impromptu dance of Bai elderly people, imitating various smoking movements and shapes, squatting or standing, sometimes one or two people dance, and sometimes many people dance around. The interesting "Smoke Pot Dance" of the elderly often attracts young people and women to watch, and some people can't help but join in the dance.
Straw hat dance-"Straw hat dance" is a kind of dance that young people love to dance. Straw hats are not only the daily necessities of the Bai people, but also one of the decorations of the Bai people. The ingenious Bai women often decorate their straw hats with ribbons and flowers. People wear straw hats to protect themselves from the sun, or take them off to cool off during daily work or festivals. According to this living habit, people gradually developed more than ten kinds of straw hats and beat their feet with them, thus changing the dance postures and skills such as "jumping with one foot" and "jumping with two feet". When you dance, you hold a straw hat in your right hand, swing with your footwork, swing your shoulders back and forth, and move your waist. It's wonderful and beautiful. In group dance, young people throw straw hats at each other. At one time, all kinds of straw hats in Qi Fei looked very beautiful, just like a group of dancing butterflies.
"Smoke pot dance" and "straw hat dance" are dances with daily necessities as props, which have strong local flavor.
Witchcraft dance-"Witchcraft dance" is a dance that witches used to dance when exorcising ghosts and treating diseases. This kind of dance varies from person to person with different props. Some people dance with sheepskin drums with handles tied to them and two loud one-sided sheepskin drums. They danced in circles while knocking, with great movements. People who dance with towels are holding a towel in each hand and shaking the towel to make shaking, flapping, patting, beating and turning. Feet mainly jump, and the dynamic law of waist shaking from side to side is very clear. Double-fan dance is characterized by winding flowers up and down, turning wrists left and right, throwing fans with one hand, turning around and receiving double fans, etc., which is difficult to some extent.
Offering sacred music in Nanzhao-Since ancient times, the Bai people have frequent exchanges with the mainland in political, economic and cultural fields. This connection and mutual communication is also reflected in dance.
"Nanzhao offers sacred music." This is a large-scale song and dance dedicated to the Tang Dynasty by Wang Yimou Xun of Nanzhao in 800 AD. Its music department alone has four parts: Qiuci, Drum, Hubu and Military Music, which can be described as orchestral and drum music. Sixty-four dancers, dressed in national costumes and holding feathers, alternately appeared in a square of 16 people with four vertical and four horizontal lines, posing the words "South", "Imperial edict", "Feng", "Saint" and "Le" in the dance. In the meantime, there are leading dances, group dances, leading singers and chorus, with clear paragraphs, close connection, vast content and grand scale. This performance shook Chang 'an and went down in history.
In addition, some dances were absorbed by the Han nationality and combined with the habits and hobbies of the Bai nationality, which spread among the Bai nationality.
For example, "boating" is similar to the "dry boat" of the Han nationality, but the clothing is Bai nationality and the hull is also decorated with Bai nationality patterns. This kind of dance is often used by the Bai people at the annual "boating party".
For another example, "playing with horses" is basically similar to the "running donkeys" of the Han nationality. This kind of performance can be seen in the "March Street" gala, but the accompaniment music has become a typical Bai music-"Chui Chui", and the singing has been added according to the hobbies of the Bai people, making the form more lively and more popular with the Bai people.
Bonan i.
The population is 122 12. It is mainly distributed in the Baoan Dongxiang Salar Autonomous County of Jishishan, Gansu Province, and a few scattered in Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture of Gansu Province and Xunhua County of Qinghai Province. Security guards in residential areas use security language, which belongs to Altai Mongolian language family. Most security personnel are familiar with Chinese. Security personnel use Chinese as a communication tool. Believe in Islam.
Bao 'an is a minority with a small population in China. The security guard calls himself from the place name. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, a security camp and a security city were established in Tongren, Qinghai. In the past, people called it "Baoan Hui" because its Islamic beliefs and customs are similar to those of the local Hui people. 1950 was named Baoan nationality according to the national will. According to legends, language features and some living customs similar to those of Mongols, it can be considered that the Baoan nationality was gradually formed by long-term contacts between some Mongols who believed in Islam and the Hui, Han, Tibetan and Tu nationalities living around them since the Yuan and Ming Dynasties.
Under the oppression of feudal serf owners, the Baoan nationality was forced to migrate to three villages adjacent to the hometown of Dahe in Jishishan Baoan Dongxiang Salar Autonomous County, Gansu Province, which was customarily called the three villages of Baoan nationality. Baoan people are mainly engaged in agriculture, and a few people are engaged in animal husbandry and handicrafts.
Banquet dance-Banquet dance is a representative traditional folk song and dance of Baoan nationality, which is usually performed at weddings. They often jump during the harvest season or other festivals.
Banquet and dance originated from the wedding customs of Baoan nationality. When getting married, the groom and the young people in the village formed a "wedding procession" and walked towards the woman. The young men and women in the woman's village also formed a wedding procession, drawing the face of the man's dowry with ink and fist at the entrance of the village and making fun of each other. After the wedding, the bride and groom rode home, held a religious ceremony, and then distributed walnuts and red dates. Anyone who congratulates them, regardless of gender or age, should ask the host for a copy to congratulate them on their good luck, happiness and harmony between husband and wife. Finally, the banquet began. In the reflection of the bonfire, the best singer in the village was invited to sing a banquet song, and everyone sang and danced along with the lyrics. The performer of the banquet dance, everyone can feel at will and write lyrics at will. The lyrics are colorful, the tunes are beautiful, and the steps are steady and unique. Generally speaking, most of them are duets, duets and improvisations. ?
Banquet dancing is characterized by the head swinging regularly and rhythmically. The dynamic method swings naturally from the lower left side of chin to the upper right side, with strong sense of rhythm and pause. The whole body obviously swings from side to side, especially the crotch. The legs are flexed and stretched, and the feet are strong and steady when landing, mostly for invitation. The hand shape is a half-clenched fist, and the thumb is extended, which means to praise the Baoan people as a "proud" nation in temperament. This gesture is widely used in Baoan folk dance. Security guards like to hold their heads high when dancing, and the whole movement and emotion show national pride.
Fan Dance-Another type of Baoan folk dance is the men's fan dance, which appears after the banquet dance. Since the Baoan nationality moved to Gansu, it has been in contact with the surrounding Han, Hui, Tibetan, Salar and Dongxiang nationalities in life customs, trade exchanges, cultural life and religious beliefs. Men's fan dance is a fan used by Baoan people to dance Yangko with Han people. Many tricks have been created in holding fans and dancing fans, such as rocking fans, rotating fans, rolling fans and flat fans. When dancing, the hand holds the fan completely, and the shaking of the wrist is very flexible, which drives the whole arm and has tenacity when swinging. At the same time, the torsion of the crotch and the flexion and extension of the leg echo each other. The footwork is also very detailed in dragging, moving and leaning, especially in the natural action of jumping out of footwork at the end, that is, the dance step with one leg slightly bent to the ground and the other leg bent on the back, which highlights the unique style of dance and makes the fan dance of security men a unique natural folk dance.