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Characteristics of Tea Culture in Song Dynasty Background of Tea Culture in Song Dynasty
The status of literati in the Song Dynasty was unprecedentedly promoted, and the ethos of valuing literature over martial arts reached its peak in the Song Dynasty. My hero doesn't study as a soldier, but he is excellent and still an official? Such proverbs are all from the Song Dynasty. The unprecedented revival of Confucianism in the Song Dynasty gave birth to new Confucianism? Neo-Confucianism, Neo-Confucianism takes interpretation and life as its main content.
At the same time, the history and literature of the Song Dynasty have been developed, and great achievements have been made in poetry, ci and prose, and outstanding literati in the Song Dynasty have emerged in large numbers.
Characteristics of Tea Culture in Song Dynasty: Tea Ordering Method
The way of drinking tea evolved from the method of frying tea in Tang Dynasty to the method of ordering tea. The method of pouring matcha into water and stirring it into foam with bamboo poles made drinking tea more entertaining, which led to the tea fighting activity, which was formed in northern Fujian in the Tang Dynasty and reached unprecedented prosperity in the Song Dynasty and spread all over the country.
Fighting tea is a skill to test whether the color of tea soup flower (foam) is pure white and whether the storage time is lasting (biting the lamp).
The development of Doucha in Song Dynasty promoted the improvement of tea-making technology and the development of tea industry.
Characteristics of Tea Culture in Song Dynasty: Tea Divide
Because the method of ordering tea makes drinking tea very entertaining, at the same time, compared with the experimental tea art, the routine activity (fighting tea) promotes the continuous innovation of ordering tea, resulting in the skill of forming characters and images in tea soup (dividing tea).
Under the esteem of Song Huizong and a large number of literati and monks, the transportation and marketing of tea reached the extreme, which also pushed the tea culture in China to a historical climax.
Characteristics of Tea Culture in Song Dynasty: Improving Quality
Because emperors and literati respect tea ordering, tea distribution and tea fighting, they have high requirements for tea quality and tea ordering tools. Special tribute production bases were set up in Jian 'an and other places, and the court sent officials to supervise the production, which greatly improved the quality of tea and tea sets.
Characteristics of Tea Culture in Song Dynasty: Tea and Horse Department
Due to the strong tea-horse trade, Tea and Horse Department was established in the Song Dynasty to exchange tea for horses of the surrounding ethnic minorities.
Because horses are important war materials, Tea and Horse Department was established to facilitate the imperial court to control minority areas. At the same time, the tea-horse trade also promoted the cultural promotion of ethnic minorities, especially the promotion of tea culture, and gradually produced black tea (edge tea), a kind of tea specially for ethnic minority areas.
Characteristics of Tea Culture in Song Dynasty: Monographs on Tea Studies
There are more books than in the Tang Dynasty, among which Song Huizong's Daguan Tea Theory, Cai Xiang's Tea Record and Fan Xiong's Xuanhe Beiyuan Gongcha Record are famous.
The history of tea culture in Song Dynasty The custom form of drinking tea in Song Dynasty has the characteristics of the times and society in its historical time and space. In the Song Dynasty, more than 200 kinds of tea were produced nationwide. Among them, royal tribute tea is the most representative. At the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, Emperor Song set up a tea bureau and sent officials to supervise the production of imperial tea. They finally chose tribute tea from Beiyuan of Phoenix Mountain in Jianzhou, Fujian as the imperial tea, which led to the birth of extraordinary tea and opened a new chapter in the history of Chinese tea.
According to records, royal tribute tea? Dragon group egg cake? It was created by Ding Wei, Prime Minister of Song Zhenzong in Song Dynasty. Dragon group egg cake? It was created by Cai Xiang, the four great calligraphers in the Song Dynasty, and The Transshipment History of Fujian. Song Huizong years, Zheng Kejian restructuring? Dragon regiment wins snow? It has become a myth in the history of tea making in China, which can't be surpassed so far. The beauty and essence of tribute tea in Song Dynasty attracted a large number of literati. Drinking tea has not only become an important part of people's material life, but also entered the spiritual life of the upper class and became one of the themes of literature and art. Are you online? Song dynasty? During this period, 180-odd poets and poets used articles to praise the tribute tea of the Song Dynasty, with 400 poems. Tribute tea in Song Dynasty recorded the footprints of people's deep cultivation of tea in Song Dynasty and the glory of tea creation in Song Dynasty.
Buildings with poems about tea can be seen everywhere. Su Shi, a writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, linked Jiaming and Jiaren and wrote? Never been as beautiful as a beautiful woman? Good sentences are spoken by people. Lu You wrote more than 300 tea poems, becoming the poet who wrote the most tea in all previous dynasties. Lu You has a soft spot for building tea. He joined Fujian as a tea official and lived in Jianzhou, a place where tea was built. ? Jian Xi official tea is the best in the world? The famous sentence comes from his Jian 'an Snow. During Ouyang Xiu's illness, he was very happy to build tea. After tasting it, he and Mei Gongyi wrote tea together. ? Don't praise Li Bai's cactus, write a chapter for Lu Tong? This is Mei's poem, which means Beiyuan? Longfeng group tea? Comparable? Cactus tea? , still use? Yangxian purple bamboo shoot tea? Comparable.
Tea became a national drink in Song Dynasty, and the prosperity of tea culture in Song Dynasty was closely related to Zhao Bei, Song Huizong. According to the record of Xuanhe Beiyuan Gongcha, when Song Huizong was in power, the imperial tea garden in Beiyuan of Wuyishan could not be confined to traditional Gongcha? Longfeng group tea? We must change the pattern according to the emperor's wishes and refine dozens of tribute teas for the emperor to enjoy: white tea? Long Yuan wins snow? 、? Royal garden and elegance? 、? Immortal buds? Just a few examples. Evonne loves tea, not only because he is good at tasting tea and tea art, but also because he wrote a book "On Tea", later called "Daguan Tea", which is about the method of making tea and the true rhyme of ordering tea.
The book says that there is a good way to drink tea. First of all, pay attention to color, fragrance and taste. It can be seen that Song Huizong not only knows how to order tea to make tea, but also clearly understands the process of making tea and the aroma effect of drinking tea. Under the leadership of the emperor, with the increasing importance of tea drinking in social life, there were more than 30 kinds of tea books written in the Song Dynasty, many of which have become classics and precious heritages in China's tea culture works.
After the Tang Dynasty, the wind of drinking tea in the Song Dynasty penetrated into all social strata and every corner of daily life. In the Song Dynasty, there were teahouses, teahouses and teahouses everywhere in Kaifeng. Meng Yuan's Dream of China in Tokyo and Zhang Zeduan's Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival both describe the prosperity of teahouses on both sides of the Tokyo River.
In the Song Dynasty, teahouses attached great importance to decoration, some of them were famous for calligraphy and painting, and some were placed with bonsai flowers, which attached great importance to the beauty of the environment. At that time, when recording Teahouse, he said to Lu:? Bianjing deli is decorated with famous paintings, which tempts viewers and lingers on diners. The same is true of tea shops in Hang Cheng now, with four seasons flowers, paintings by celebrities and window dressing. ? From banquets in palaces and yamen to gatherings of relatives and friends, from welcoming, socializing and entertaining on various occasions to festive customs of life, there is no place where tea is fragrant, and fighting tea is more interesting and elegant. The tea ceremony is prosperous and the tea feast is prosperous.
The wind of fighting tea is strong, paying attention to excellent tea, water quality and beautiful utensils. Tea is expensive, water is running water, and utensils are excellent. Select Tuancha, grind it into a cup and stir it with boiling water. Tea soup is pure white, followed by blue and white, and then gray; No water mark is excellent, and the first one with water mark is negative. Tea king? Fight for official tea? A secular tea bucket with tea farmers and people; Monks love to fight tea, and there are Buddhist monks fighting tea in the temple; Celebrities praise water, while bureaucrats have poets and literati vying for tea. With the continuous innovation of tea ordering technology, tea ordering technology which can form characters and images in tea soup has emerged. Under the admiration of Song Huizong and a large number of literati and monks, not only did tea transportation and marketing reach the extreme, but also the tea culture in China reached a historical climax.
Teahouses in the Song Dynasty are flexible in operation, with morning tea and evening tea in addition to opening during the day. According to "Tokyo Dream Record", was there one in Kaifeng in the Northern Song Dynasty? Turn on the light every five o'clock? Morning tea house. Besides tea, this service also provides soup and refreshments. In addition to tea shops, tea houses and teahouses that sell tea and other drinks in fixed places, there were also tea sellers with bottles from Kaifeng to midnight in the Northern Song Dynasty. Cover the public and private, and return at night? . Hangzhou was in the Southern Song Dynasty? There are floating shops on the night market street, and people who order tea and soup for sightseeing? To provide tea service for officials, businessmen or citizens who are still active or playing late at night. Are you online? In the streets and neighborhoods, you have your own tea bottle to order tea along the door, or on the first day of the first month, in case of good or bad luck, you can send tea to the neighborhoods to convey information. , which provides great convenience for the daily life of citizens.
The introduction of tea culture in Song Dynasty and the prosperity of Lin 'an Night Market even made Kaifeng run over load, as recorded in Wu's Meng Lianglu. On the streets of Hang Cheng, business goes on day and night, with three drums at night, and tourists scattered and five drums ringing. Did the morning market seller open a shop again? ; Nedon also described such a scene in his capital, Jisheng. In addition to the big house in front, there are many night markets, such as restaurants and concert halls, until the rear of the four drums is quiet, while the five drums will go to Ma, and some will reopen at the fair. No matter what time it is. ? Its prosperity, except that the lighting can't keep up with the present era, has always been called the city that never sleeps.
Tea production in the Song Dynasty was relatively complete, and both the planting technology and access had made great progress compared with that in the Tang Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, tea production was very large, and tea gardens were treated like mushrooms after rain. In the Song Dynasty, 66 states planted tea, and the number of county-level divisions reached an astonishing 242, nearly three times that of the Tang Dynasty. Not only the planting scale of tea has made great progress, but also the varieties of tea have developed greatly. Song Dynasty was the dynasty with the largest variety of tea in China, and the base of nearly 100 kinds of tea was far behind that of Tang, Ming and Qing Dynasties. According to historical research, some well-known tea varieties in modern society, such as Longjing tea, Wuyi tea and Pu 'er tea, all originated in the Song Dynasty.
Such a prosperous tea industry system will naturally have a great intersection with culture. In fact, as early as before the Song Dynasty, the plot of tea and literati had been planted. For example, Lu Yu, a pioneer of tea in the Tang Dynasty, wrote his own understanding of tea in The Classic of Tea, which made tea embark on the road of art? No return? . Since the Book of Tea, tea has become something to improve people's taste and interest in daily life, which has really opened the door to art. According to the description in Feng's Wen Jian Ji, Lu Hung-chien, a Chu man, talked about the efficacy of tea and the method of frying tea in brew tea. I made twenty-four things to make tea sets and put them in a cage. Admire from far and near, a good man keeps a pair at home. So the tea ceremony prevailed and all the ministers drank it? This shows that there have been superb figures in tea art at this time, the instrumental and stylized tea ceremony has been widely accepted by people, and tea art has begun to form a certain scale in the world.