Author: She Long
This paper analyzes the present situation of Taiji Temple historical and cultural protection area in Chengdu, discusses the means of its protection and renewal, and extends the thinking on the protection of historical and cultural cities. It is pointed out that the protection and development of a famous historical and cultural city is a work widely involving society and needs the conscious awareness and action of the whole people. The famous city and its culture will be handed down from generation to generation, leaving a historical footprint in the city where we live.
1 preface
In the historical process of modernization, urban spatial metabolism is an inevitable law of social development. And those areas, lots and buildings with certain historical and cultural significance are the historical background of the city we are familiar with and the fragments of the past society. The life field it forms, the traditional urban space and place full of humanity. Let us have a strong sense of belonging, at the same time. It is also a symbolic representation of the city's past leaps, beliefs, values and behaviors, and it inherits the continuity and identity between generations and historical periods. It also conveys the code that the society dissects and recreates its own urban culture, and continues to maintain the order of human long-term development. The traditional historical and cultural area of Daci Temple is the cultural taste of Chengdu, which embodies the value and spirit of this famous historical and cultural city. It is a symbolic space for people to identify with Chengdu's development orientation in history, and it is also an emotional container for people who identify with this city. The present situation of traditional space in Daci Temple historical and cultural protection area has the following characteristics.
2 orderly scale structure layout
The formation of traditional Kong Wen in Daci Temple is a historical process. Although during the Shunzhi period in the early Qing Dynasty, huge religious buildings with Daci Temple as the main body continued to be built. But it continue that context since the Tang dynasty. Since the Qing Dynasty, the houses built around the monk temple have been diluted for a long time and become a combination of regional, street, architectural and other elements. So as to establish the beginning of a relatively stable spatial structure. Because the back door (south gate) was the main entrance of Taici Hall at that time. As shown in figure 1, that is, the dam in front of the gate constitutes the central space for escape. At the same time, taking the vertical line of the gate as the axis and the huge Yitai Temple complex as the starting point, the axis develops southward, forming North Bran Street and South Bran Street.
Chengdu's flat terrain is conducive to the development of urban architectural culture in the Central Plains. Therefore, the four streets of north, south, east and west gradually formed the basic skeleton of the area, and finally formed the checkerboard street structure of the area. Its four streets intersect into a cross street node, which is the core of this structure. But it extends from the central axis of Daci Temple. However, there are also alleys with winding paths such as Majiaxiang, and the appearance of the streets in the area is the condensation of the street pattern in Chengdu since Qin Dynasty. However, the layout of muscles, the continuity of straight lines and curves, etc. It also developed from the religious buildings of Daci Temple and the axes they produced, so. Today, the scale of the reserve is only the part near the temple in the traditional space influenced by Daci Temple. But it fully embodies the organic combination of Central Plains culture and local culture. This is a powerful spatial display of national unity.
3 Traditional spatial scale and Kong Wen processing.
The traditional space of Daci Temple Reserve is a humanistic environment in the form of streets, and its scale ratio reflects the specific lifestyle of people at that time. Streets are straight and curved, which is the pursuit of street view. At the same time, the relationship with Daci Temple has been formed, and then the space division has its own ownership, restriction and separation, constantly creating background scenes or frame scenes. This landscape gives people a sense of comfort and aesthetic satisfaction. With the constant change of street view. It implies the survival philosophy of local people and the spatial interpretation of this philosophy by streets and buildings. This leads to the regionalization of spatial phenomena. It constitutes an urban landscape with local cultural characteristics. This urban landscape is the most precious historical heritage of a famous historical and cultural city. At the same time, it also explains what China Lei advocated? The idea of harmony between man and nature is that man and nature live in harmony. Buildings should not be too ostentatious, not towering into the sky, but simple, humble and amiable. Spatial expansion is not vertical ascension. But flat development, and the whole area of Daci Temple fully embodies this traditional philosophical thought. However, the sketches in the streets, such as fonts, hanging doors, brick arches, street buildings, etc., are all aimed at activating the atmosphere of the space, as shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3, making the area more dynamic. Full of human touch.
The scale of streets and houses in Daci Temple can't be measured by the scale of modern streets and buildings, but it can't compare with a historical and cultural phenomenon.
4 the fuzziness of traditional space
Like traditional cities in China, the historical and cultural space of Daci Temple has many functions. Blurred. Temples and palaces coexist with folk houses, halls are adjacent to neighbors, streets and markets, transportation and communication, children's games and women's and children's leisure complement each other. All the elements of space permeate, obscure and coexist with each other, which comprehensively embodies the * * * sharing of space elements and the comprehensiveness of China people's overall thinking. Monks in Daci Temple built many houses around the temple and became streets. They not only live by themselves, but also rent them out to others. People and the secularization and fuzziness in the sky are the same, and the halls are all in the house. The characteristics of space questions are gradually different, showing a good house? The form of the guild hall is a vague space, which gradually integrates the national origin and geographical environment. Doors, tunnels, eaves, alleys, nodes and other spaces are private and public. They respect others and take care of their physical and mental needs. It is the same design and treatment of strong physiological neodymium for outdoor activities between people and their families in the past. All this and so on. Daci Temple is just the corner of Chengdu. It is a concentrated and high-density dialysis of this historical and cultural city's understanding of people and the treasure of this whole urban space. Obviously, it does not violate the traditional design method of ambiguity, and more importantly, it creates a good social atmosphere of social goodwill, mutual acceptance and mutual tolerance. This is a sobering agent for the residents of high-rise buildings in modern cities to become increasingly indifferent and isolated from each other, so it has a certain social warning function.
5. Present situation of traditional space media in Taiji Temple Nature Reserve
The core of the spatial status quo of Daci Temple historical and cultural protection area lies in people's understanding of its existence significance. Its surface media, such as Luli, roof, walls and vegetation, are well defined. Because it is the object of our direct physical and mental feelings, judging the space and present situation of the reserve from this angle can be divided into:
(1) According to the comprehensive media information generated by the overall pattern of nature reserves, North Shamao Street and Daci Temple Street were basically demolished and leveled. A few modern houses in this area have been renovated and updated. These factors that disturb and destroy the medium system of the reserve account for about 1/5 of the reserve area (9.8 hectares). Generally speaking, the traditional space in this area is relatively complete.
(2) Except for the 32 mu middle cable in Daci Temple, the middle cable system with other houses as the main body is different in degree. The performance is as follows: ① The previous construction confused the interface of traditional residence composed of media. Clear these. Partial luxury house? . It can also restore the true medium appearance of its traditional folk houses. ② Aerial view shows that the most distinctive roof medium system of traditional buildings in China is still intact. ③ There is a big problem in the external wall medium system. More people have replaced it with materials such as rolling doors, cement and tiles, especially the wall facing the street. ④ The integrity of the internal and external walls of residential buildings behind the street is almost impure. ⑤ There are more subdivisions and combinations of residential indoor space. ⑥ The wooden structure system with buckets as the main body, the old and aging materials, rotten roots of wooden columns, poor launching, ownership of real estate and frequent replacement of households are all important reasons. All landowners vegetation protection is very good, except Daci Temple. There are still 84 trees, among which there are many precious trees such as Gleditsia sinensis, Toona sinensis and Cinnamomum camphora. ⑧ The pavement system of the whole protected area is rather shabby.
6. What is the status quo of the traditional emptiness of Dahuisi Nature Reserve?
We generally divide traditional space into three parts: ancient buildings, outdoor environment and spatial attributes. The current situation is as follows:
(1) ancient buildings: if strictly observed in the protected area? Cultural relics law? Rules. There are not many buildings that really belong to 184 1 year ago. In addition to Daci Temple, there are Guangdong Guild Hall and individual houses as ancient buildings. Most houses were built in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. Although they can't be called ancient buildings, they are all built on the original site. The plane follows the ancient central axis system. Scale, wall, material decoration and so on also continue the traditional space system everywhere. These material characteristics are the regional characteristics of local culture and are also precious.
(2) Outdoor environment: The outdoor environment of the reserve is characterized by streets, nodes, neighborhoods, patios, dams and greening. Streets and alleys form a rich environment with different lengths of main streets, alleys and dead alleys, and the height-width ratio of the launching surface is also different. They form a road network in collusion with patios and dams of every household, forming an outdoor open environment system, which is very beautiful and rare.
(3) Spatial attributes: from the perspective of the building itself. Where there are many temples and roofs in public buildings, such as Daci Temple and Guangdong Guild Hall, Chengdu houses are mostly hanging mountains. Houses in the reserve are also dominated by hanging mountains, as shown in Figure 4. However, from the traditional vague understanding, the hanging mountain-style dwellings are divided into mountain ponds, ancestral halls, workshops, shops and even modern buildings with colonial colors. The building types are vague, but overall, the space is open, semi-open and closed, forming a spatial sequence. Such as open patios and streets; Semi-open doors, halls and corridors; Closed rooms form the basic characteristics of traditional spatial attributes, while protected areas are ubiquitous and very vivid.
Present Situation of Traditional Space Utilization in Seven Dazhansi Nature Reserves
(1) The main spaces are Kush Street in the north, Kush Street and Shang He Street in the east and west. Form the use nature of fuzzy functions such as vegetables, non-staple food, daily necessities, catering, processing, teahouses, hotels, houses, kindergartens and primary schools. From 8 am to noon 12 am, it is the peak time for market crowds. Open in the afternoon for free. Highlight Chengdu's good cultural landscape.
(2) There are no shops, teahouses, bars, dance halls, banks, office buildings and other modern building materials in the reserve. At present, Beikushi Street Light Industry Bureau has cement tile houses such as kindergartens, hotels, primary schools, Majiaxiang Public Security Bureau's drug control office, etc. They are just ordinary modern material houses, which are almost of design significance.
(3) Majiaxiang, Zhanghuaxiang, Ziku Street, Shang He Street and the streets behind Brancheng in the north, west and east are mostly permanent residents who ask for or rent from farmers who work or do business in cities. Many houses are used to make workshop-style spaces such as box lunch, cooked food and grain processing. The function and order of spatial problems have changed greatly. Fire protection and environmental protection problems are serious.
(4) the original hospital of one household. At present, there are dozens of households, at least five or six households crowded together, which leads to confusion in measures and construction. The ground has risen. Poor water supply and poor sanitary conditions make it difficult to find and judge the plane pattern of original houses. But there are still nearly 20 courtyards, which can be restored to their original appearance with a little maintenance and adjustment.
(5) Guangdong Guild Hall is the most public building, but only the front hall and the wing are left, and the building is still divided into multiple households. Sketches have fonts. Two-story masonry tower structure. It is also relatively complete.
8 Protection and Destruction of Daci Temple Reserve
To sum up, the present situation of historical and cultural protection area of Daci Temple. The objective phenomenon of the decline of traditional space is universal and serious. In view of the problems to be solved, based on the above analysis, the following measures are suggested:
(1) 1. Protection of traditional space media: that is, the protection of walls, roofs, pavements and vegetation.
(2) Protecting the nature of the use of traditional space: protecting lifestyle, cultural atmosphere and fashion customs, with special emphasis on protecting the original houses, not the middle class.
(3) Protect the walking lifestyle and prevent cars from entering.
(4) can't use it? Knock it down, shovel it and start over? Update the method, build it or not? Antique street? . Need to distinguish? Antiques? And then what? Copy? The concept and practice of.
(5) Take small-scale, small-scale and gradual methods, strengthen the structure first, keep the appearance intact, and then carry out internal decoration to adapt to the entry of modern equipment.
9. Thoughts on the protection of historical and cultural cities
The protection of historical and cultural cities, especially the protection of the central area, is the protection of the city's reputation and the solemn commitment of urban residents to the historical and social credibility. It is the unshirkable responsibility of every citizen, architect and planner. And the city manager. This will set an example for the latecomers, because everything we do today will become history tomorrow.
History is a solidified reality, and reality is a flowing history.
In the long years, our ancestors created splendid culture, leaving behind the historical heritage of thousands of years of civilization, including the remains of cities in various periods. According to archaeological confirmation, the history of the origin of China City is about 5,000 years, and famous historical and cultural cities are like stars, flashing on the map of Kyushu. These precious relics not only constitute the most intuitive historical picture of China, but also are the rich heritage of all mankind. The mission of protecting and inheriting this heritage falls on the shoulders of our generation.
Regional culture is the soul and essence of a city. If we ignore the inheritance of urban culture in the transformation of the old city, maybe we will be blinded by the so-called modernity and advancement in a short time; However, can rootless flowers last long? When we are gradually lost and tired in round after round of reconstruction, I am afraid we will encounter such problems, such as asking ourselves? Who am I? Awkward.
The practice of urban development shows that beautiful urban landscape needs time to accumulate, and urban characteristics need historical and cultural connotations. The protection of urban historical and cultural environment will be one of the main reasons for the development of urban design discipline in the future. In the constantly developing urban environment, the protection and transformation of urban regional culture will inevitably become an eternal theme. However, many cities are undergoing drastic transformation in the name of modernization. Groups of old streets and quaint houses were torn apart and replaced by the same towering towers and bustling commercial buildings, or all kinds of nondescript fake monuments were copied with modern materials. Historical atmosphere? When, unfortunately fell down? Painting a tiger is not against a dog? Abyss
Is the protection of historic cities absolutely opposed to the development of modern economy? Decades of research and exploration around the world have repeatedly proved that the two are not contradictory. Rome, Paris, Kyoto and Nara are all quite successful models. Lijiang and Pingyao in China, as the first famous cities under overall protection in China, have been declared as world cultural heritage by the United Nations, and their economic development has not been hindered, but has also grown rapidly. At that time, Mr. Liang Sicheng rushed to appeal that the walls and towers of Beijing were still demolished, while Kyoto and Nara were not razed to the ground, thus completely retaining the style of the ancient city, which was also related to Liang Gong. Today, we are going to study the architecture of the Tang Dynasty in depth, but we have to cross to Fusang, which makes people feel deeply. If a city or a nation loses its memory, people's spirits will wander around and have nowhere to return. Our descendants should not only look for the past elegance of historical and cultural cities in ancient books and stories handed down from generation to generation. We are duty-bound to protect famous historical and cultural cities.
Since 1982, the State Council has approved 99 national historical and cultural cities, and Chengdu is one of them. At the 1999 annual meeting of the Committee of Famous Historical and Cultural Cities in China, the famous cities unanimously adopted the Kunming Declaration: the protection of famous historical and cultural cities must pay special attention to the analysis and research of the characteristics of different cities, and be protected according to the requirements of different levels, such as protecting cultural relics and historical sites, protecting and continuing the style of ancient cities, and inheriting and carrying forward excellent traditional culture. ? Specifically, the protection of historical and cultural cities should not only protect the symbolic ancient buildings and cultural relics, the natural geographical environment of the ancient city, the traditional urban pattern and historical sites (including temples, commercial areas, residential areas and scenic spots in history), but also protect rural customs, traditional crafts and specialties, local flavor and rich cultural and artistic remains such as poetry, drama, music and painting.
Not long ago, an authoritative magazine in the United States conducted a survey of 16 cities in the world when studying urban environment and development in the next 50 years. Urban comfort? Investigation and evaluation. Paris, London and Rome stand out after strict screening of three major items and 23 rules because they have more fountains, theaters, street art, private galleries, visible historical sites and opportunities to participate in recreation than other cities. Today, people pay more and more attention to the living environment and pursue higher cultural literacy. Facing the gap, there is still a vast world to explore for the protection of China's famous historical and cultural cities.
Chengdu, a thousand-year-old city with four historical and cultural protection zones (Daci Temple historical and cultural protection zone is the largest, located in the central area of Chengdu), is currently carrying out the protection and renovation of three historical and cultural protection zones, adopting the strategy of sustainable protection and renewal, striving to leave a historical footprint in modern cities and make Chengdu a historical and cultural city with strong regional characteristics of Bashu.
10 conclusion
The decision-making of local governments undoubtedly plays a vital role in the protection of historical and cultural cities. Protecting historical and cultural cities should first become an important responsibility of local governments, and famous cities must have clear and consistent guiding ideology. Zhang Jinqiu, an architect, once said: Only by recognizing the essence of the ancient city can we grasp the theme of the ancient city's style and features, and the protection of the famous city needs the efforts of several generations even in its initial stage. Therefore, it must stand the test of history and cannot lead one theme at a time. ?
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The protection and development of famous historical and cultural cities is a work involving a wide range of society, and it is far from enough to rely solely on the behavior of * * * and the appeal of experts. Only when the concept of protecting famous cities becomes the conscious consciousness and action of the whole people can famous cities and their cultures be passed down from generation to generation. May we have less regrets and protect our spiritual home forever.