Second, the development history of biochip technology Since 1996, Affymetrix Company of the United States has successfully produced the first batch of biochips used in drug screening and laboratory experiments in the world, and made a chip system. Since then, countries around the world have made rapid progress in chip research and made new breakthroughs.
Hyseq Company, Syntexi Company, Nanogen Company and Incyte Company in the United States, as well as Japan and European countries, are actively developing DNA chip research. Motorola, Hewlett-Packard, IBM and other multinational companies have also invested heavily in chip research. 199865438+In February, Affymefrix Company and Molecular Dynamics Company announced the establishment of GEIC * * * YSIS technology consortium to develop a unified technology platform and produce more effective and cheaper equipment. In response, Amershcem? Pharmacia？ Biotechnology companies also announced on the same day that they would provide some mastered technologies to promote the application of this technology.
American chip technology held two conferences, at which President Clinton highly praised and affirmed the technology, and regarded chip gene technology as a compass to ensure a certain horizontal health. It is estimated that the sales of biochips will reach $20-30 billion in the next five years; It is predicted that in 2 1 century, biochips will probably have more influence on human beings than microelectronic chips.
China's research on biochip has just started. 1998, 10 In June, the Chinese Academy of Sciences listed gene chip as a special support project in the Ninth Five-Year Plan, and organized cross-research and interdisciplinary cooperation by taking advantage of the advantages of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in microelectronics, biochemical technology and physical detection technology. Major breakthroughs have been made in microarray chips and MEBS-based chips, and significant progress has been made in DNA chip design, basic modification, probe immobilization, sample labeling, hybridization and detection. Developed gene chips and DNA chip detectors with certain practical significance, such as liver cancer gene differential expression chips, hepatitis B virus polymorphism detection chips, and various malignant tumor virus gene chips.
Shanghai Institute of Metallurgy, Chinese Academy of Sciences develops diagnostic chips and detection equipment for major infectious diseases, such as HBV, HCV and tuberculosis gene diagnostic chips. Shanghai cell research institute is conducting c? The preparation of DNA array and microarray provides a technical platform for scientific research and development in China, and makes it industrialized.
At the same time, Tsinghua, Fudan University, Southeast University, Beijing Academy of Military Medical Sciences, East China University of Science and Technology, First Military Medical University and other units are actively engaged in chip research, and some products have come out. .
Third, the development history of gene chip Scientists from engelhard Institute of Molecular Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences and Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) first put forward the idea of using hybridization to determine nucleic acid sequence (SBH). At that time, oligonucleotide probes were used. Almost at the same time, Sourthern and others from the Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, UK. International patents on immobilization of oligonucleotides on carriers and hybridization sequencing were also obtained. On the basis of these technical reserves, 1994 developed a biochip with the support of the National Defense Research Program of the US Department of Energy, the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Russian Human Genome Project 100000, and used it to detect gene mutations in blood samples of Mediterranean patients, and screened out more than100 known mutant genes of extraMediterranean anemia. The gene decoding speed of this biochip is 1000 times faster than the traditional Sanger and MaxaxGilbert methods, and it is a promising rapid sequencing method. Developing technology first and occupying the market as soon as possible is the creed to win in the market economy competition. Biochips are currently in a state of fierce technical competition. Pacard Instruments has developed a gel-based medium density chip for diagnosis. Affymetrix has successfully applied photo-directional lithography technology to directly synthesize high-density chips with oligonucleotide lattice on silicon wafers, which is ahead of the field of chip analysis. The company cooperated with Hewlett-Packard Company to develop a special gene chip scanner, which can scan 400,000 points. At the same time, a flow path workstation and a computer software analysis system which can pass through several chips in parallel at the same time are developed. Combined into a relatively complete chip manufacturing, hybridization, detection scanning and data processing system. GenralScanningInc, Telechem and Cartesian, which manufacture print heads and manipulators, have developed 300 (double lasers), 4000 and 5000 (four lasers) laser scanners and corresponding analysis software, forming a working system for users to make chips at will.
Not to be outdone, European companies are competing in succession. Like Gekko. QBot sampler, Q-Pix clone sorter and Q-Fill chip making equipment have been developed in Britain. Sequenom introduced a 250-site Spectrochip, and the results were read by mass spectrometry, while the German Cancer Institute used in-situ synthesized low-density peptide nucleic acid (8 cm * 1000 spots on a 2 cm chip) as a probe chip for expression profiling and diagnosis. Nowadays, DNA chips have shown great application prospects in biomedical fields such as gene sequence analysis, gene diagnosis, gene expression research, genome research, new gene discovery and diagnosis of various pathogens.
1997, the world's first genome-wide chip containing 6 166 genes, yeast genome-wide chip, was completed in Brown Laboratory of Stanford University, thus making gene chip technology rapidly applied worldwide.