Folding ancient times

Northeast China is one of the cradles of Chinese civilization. A large number of cultural relics show that in prehistoric times, our ancestors worked, lived and multiplied in Northeast China. Around 4000 BC, the Sioux protoss in China created an early civilization in Northeast China-Xinkai Culture. Around the 23rd century BC, during the Yao and Shun period, the whole country was divided into Kyushu. At that time, the Northeast was in Youzhou. During the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, there were Su Shenren, Donghu people and Huaxia people living and working in Northeast China. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (770 BC-22 BC1year), Liaoning was the Liaodong County and Liaoxi County of Yan State.

Folding Zhou dynasty

Northeast China is the traditional settlement of the Chinese nation. In China's Zhou Dynasty (BC 1046-BC 22 1 year), the Emperor of Zhou enfeoffed governors to screen princes, and gave the land in the northeast to Gonghe Jishi, which was the ancestor of Yan State. Duke Zhou of Zhao and Ji Shi (1 1 century was also called Shaogong, Zhaokanggong and Taibao Zhao Gong). His real name is Xuan (Shi), his son and his brother.

Yan was an important feudal country from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Warring States Period. With regard to its original title, Yan Zhaogong Family, Volume 34 of Historical Records, clearly recorded that "Zhou Wuwang was destroyed and Zhao Gong was sealed in North Yan". Volume 4 of Historical Records and Zhou Benji also said that he was "called Yan" after cutting. Zhao Gongming Ying, surnamed Ji, is an aristocrat with the same surname, and is known as the food city. He, He and Tai Gong Wang were both important ministers of the founding of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and they were also the most trusted and relied on people. Yan Wang Zhao Xiang (? -279 years ago), when he was in office, he attacked East Lake to build the Great Wall, and attacked Qi in the south, and Yan reached its peak.

In the thirty-third year of Yan State (222 BC), after Qin destroyed Korea, Wei and Chu, Wang Ben was sent to attack Liaodong, the Yan army was defeated, Yan State was captured and Yan State perished. Li Gongdai was captured on behalf of Wang Jia. Yan Liaodong's hometown and generation land were set as Liaodong county and generation county by Qin respectively.

In the first 226 years, Wang Jian, the general of Qin Dynasty, conquered Yan Dou thistle, Prince Xi and Taizi Dan fled to Liaodong, and Li Xin, the general of Qin Dynasty, chased Taizi Dan to Yanshui, hence the name Taizi River.

Folding Liao Jin yuan

During the Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, the Qidan people living in the upper reaches of the Liaohe River established the Liao Dynasty (907 ~ 1 125). Jurchens living in Heilongjiang and Songhua River basins entered the Central Plains to establish the Jin Dynasty (115 ~1234). This has had a far-reaching impact on the integration and development of all ethnic groups in Northeast China and the social, economic and cultural development.

At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Khitan unified the two tribes in Abaoji, the leader of Lu Ye, and established themselves as kings. In 9 16 AD, Yeluboji proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Khitan. After Baoji died, his son Yeludeguang succeeded to the throne. In 947, the title was changed to Liao and the emperor was changed to Beijing. The territory in the heyday of Liao Dynasty was east of Salinger River and Shileka River. Northeast to the outer Xing 'an Mountains and the Sea of Okhotsk; As far south as today's Tianjin, Baxian County of Hebei Province and Yanmenguan of Shanxi Province, they confronted the Northern Song Dynasty.

1 1 13 A.D., Akuta, the leader of the Jurchen Wanyan Department of Su Shenzong, captured the Songhua River basin and occupied Liaodong Peninsula in the south. 1 1 15 proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of gold and its capital of Huining (now Acheng South of Heilongjiang). After the founding of the People's Republic of China, they continued to fight, destroying Liao in 1 125 and Northern Song Dynasty in1/27. In its heyday, Daikin surpassed Liao country, which included Liao, Hebei and Heilongjiang provinces and Mongolian grasslands. Daikin cavalry galloped along the northeast coast of Asia, owning all the old places of the Su protoss, bordering Hetao, Hengshan, Shaanxi, Longdong and Xixia in the west, and confronting the Southern Song Dynasty all the way to the Huaihe River in the Qinling Mountains in the south.

1287, the yuan dynasty established Liaoyang province, which governs the whole northeast.

Folding Ming Dynasty's Jurisdiction over Northeast China

1368, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in Yingtian (now Nanjing), established the Ming Dynasty, and destroyed the Yuan Dynasty in the same year. In Dusi, Liaodong, agriculture and handicrafts have been greatly developed. At that time, the present Liaoyang area was a rich place where "years envy others, thousands of miles of towers are connected, and the tunbao faces each other". At that time, the handicraft industries such as iron smelting and salt making in Dusi of Liaodong were also very developed. Thirty thousand Forbidden Guards in Liaodong, Longzhou in Sichuan and Zunhua in Shuntian were the three famous iron smelting centers in China at that time.

In the first year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1368), the Ming army captured Dadu (that is, Beijing) and the Yuan Dynasty perished. Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, sent Huang Zhuo and others to Liaodong in order to eliminate the remnants of the Yuan Dynasty, which occupied the northeast. On the other hand, he sent troops across the sea from Shandong to Liaodong, forcing Liu Yi, the former secretariat of Liaoyang, to surrender. So in the fourth year of Hongwu (137 1 year), Liao Wei Dewey was established in Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty, and in the eighth year of Hongwu (1375 year), Liao Wei Dewey was changed to be the commander-in-chief of Liaodong, and he was in charge of the twenty-five guards in Liaodong ... >>

Population ranking of ethnic minorities in Northeast China

Now most people in Northeast China are descendants of Kwantung Army, so the first place is of course Hezu who does not belong to 56 ethnic groups in China.

What are the main ethnic minorities in Northeast China?

Ethnic minorities living in Northeast China mainly include Manchu, Korean, Hezhe, Russian, Mongolian, * * *, Xibe, Ewenki and Oroqen.

The rise of Manchuria (1) _ _ _ _ _ _ is an ancient nation living in the northeast of China, which was under the jurisdiction of _ _ _ _ in the early Ming Dynasty. In the late Ming Dynasty, _ _ _ _ _ _

(1) Jurchen; Slaves do all the work; Nurhachi; 16 16; Nurhachi; Jin (2) Shenyang; Shengjing

How many ethnic minorities are there in the northeast of China?

The main ethnic group in Northeast China is Han nationality, accounting for 95%, and others are * * *, Manchu, Korean, Mongolian, Oroqen and Hezhe.

Are Northeasters Better in the Chinese Nation?

Answer the first question first. Today's Northeasters are mainly descendants of immigrants from Shandong and Hebei from the late Qing Dynasty to the 1930s. Immigrants with poor viability could hardly survive in the harsh natural environment at that time. Although it cannot be said that dragons give birth to dragons and phoenixes, children's growth is often greatly influenced by their parents.

Let me talk about the second question. As long as the origin of historical immigrants is Shandong, Hebei and Tianjin, a large number of people from all over the country and from all walks of life will go to the northeast for land reclamation and construction after liberation. Over time, everyone will communicate in a language that they can understand each other, which is very close to the designated standard of Putonghua.

Finally, let me talk about the third question. If the natural resources in Northeast China are sold at the international market price, the per capita resources and wealth in Northeast China can be imagined. Furthermore, it can attract a large number of outstanding talents from other regions to immigrate to the Northeast, forming a virtuous circle.

What are the regimes created by ethnic minorities existing in the northeast of China in history?

In ancient times, Su Shen was the ancestor of Manchu, and it was also called Su Shen country in history, so let's call it country. During the Tang Dynasty, it was the land of millet flour and black water, Bohai Sea. Later, the rulers also rose in the northeast, and so did the Qing Dynasty. In addition, the actual scope of ancient Korea also occupied a large part. ...

What are the early civilizations of mankind?

Civilization in the two river basins:

(Mesopotamia) Greek means the land between two rivers.

The original meaning is "Hejian area", also known as "two river basins". Broadly speaking, it refers to the middle and lower reaches of the Tigris River and the Euphrates River, east to Zagros Mountain, west to Syrian desert, south to Persian Gulf and north to Toros Mountain. It is mountainous in the north, passes through the grasslands and plains in the south, and reaches the swamp and river delta in the south. Mesopotamia is one of the oldest cradles of human culture, and irrigated agriculture is the main foundation of its cultural development. The Babylonian and Assyrian empires appeared. Later it was ruled by Persia, Macedonia, Rome and the Ottoman Empire. After World War I, their main part became independent Iraq. In a narrow sense, it only refers to the area between the two rivers.

Mesopotamia is one of the earliest civilizations in the world (also known as the civilization of the two rivers), which originated in Sumer (middle and lower reaches), the watershed of the Tigris River and the Euphrates River. Mesopotamia is the seat of Babylon, in today's Republic of Iraq.

From 4000 BC to 2250 BC, the civilization of the two rivers reached its peak, which was called "the land of Shinar" in the Old Testament. Due to the flooding of the river, fertile soil has accumulated on both sides of the two rivers, which is called "fertile crescent zone" in history (the area with the same name as the "Golden Triangle" in South America is called "sinful crescent zone"). Because these two rivers do not flood regularly like the Nile, it is necessary to observe the astronomical phenomena to determine the time. Sumerians living in the lower reaches invented the lunar calendar, which divided a year into 12 months, totaling 354 days, and invented the leap month, which is different from the solar calendar by 1 1 day. They divide an hour into 60 minutes and take 7 days as a week. They got a share, too. The 10 decimal method and the 16 decimal method were invented. They divided the circle into 360 degrees until π was close to 3. They even calculated the areas of irregular polygons and the volumes of some cones.

In 4000 BC, Su first invented hieroglyphics with ideographic symbols and signifier symbols. Because most of these characters are engraved on bricks, stones or black basalt and clay tablets, they are "heavy from the pen, with deep impressions" and are wedge-shaped, so they are called cuneiform characters.

A famous example is the New Babylon Wall, one of the "Seven Wonders of the World". The walls are bright blue and white; A yellow lion; Cow dragon patterns are all over the city wall, orderly up and down, strutting and lifelike, and are called "hanging gardens" by later generations.

Later, the Nile civilization and the Indus civilization developed under the impetus of the two river civilizations, from which the Greeks learned mathematics, physics and philosophy. Jews learned theology from there and spread it all over the world; * * * People learned architecture from there and educated the whole barbaric Europe in the Middle Ages.

Around 2000 BC, the Amorites established the Kingdom of Babylon, with the city of Babylon as its capital. In BC 1792, Hammurabi ascended the throne, conquered Sumerians and Akkadians, unified the Mesopotamian plain and promulgated the code of hammurabi, which was the first relatively complete written code in the world, but it was not the earliest. The earliest one is called "The".

In 689 BC, the kingdom of Babylon was destroyed by Assyria. In 605 BC, the new kingdom of Babylon destroyed Assyria. Later, the Temple came to power and was finally wiped out by Persia in the Iranian plateau in 538 BC. The ancient civilizations in the two river basins ended as an independent whole.

Egyptian Nile civilization:

Astronomy and mathematics

Agricultural production in ancient Egypt needs to know the exact date of the Nile flooding, so it is very important to determine the seasons according to the astronomical phenomena, and astronomical knowledge has been accumulated and enriched. The ancient Egyptians founded the earliest solar calendar in human history in 2787 BC. The production method is to set the day when Sirius and the sun rise on the horizon at the same time (when the Nile begins to flood) as the beginning of a year, with three seasons 12 months, 30 ...

Is the Xianbei nationality a nationality in the Northeast or a nationality in the Mongolian Plateau?

Originated in the Mongolian plateau near the northeast, it once dominated the whole Mongolian plateau, and now only the Xibe nationality in the northeast is the descendant of Xianbei.

What nationality are the Jin people in history now?

Jin people, the Jurchen nationality, originated in the northeast of China, and some people think it is cymbals.

Jurchen originated in the mountainous area covered by dense forests in the east of northeast China, and now belongs to the Far East province of the Soviet Union south of Heilongjiang. In the early period-that is, 10 century-Jurchen seemed to have spread to the northeast plain, and the Songhua River basin became the center of their settlement. What we should pay attention to here is the lifestyle of Nuzhen, which is opposite to the agricultural civilization settled by the Han nationality, but it cannot be explained by a simple and formulaic nomadic way. At this point, Jurchen is not only different from the Khitans, but also different from the Mongols. The latter two people are more in line with the traditional description of grassland nomadic culture (living on aquatic plants and living in felt tents, with horses and camels as the main livestock and little or no agriculture). It can be seen that the life and economic way of Jurchen depend on their respective environments: in the forest, fishing and hunting are dominant; On the plain, it is to raise livestock or engage in farming. Jurchens raise horses and even export them, but their main livestock is cattle. The important product in their area is Haidong Qing, which is similar to Falcon and Falcon. Liao emperors and even Han people were keen to search for this product. From a list of tributes to Liao Dynasty and * * * *, we can see that the products exported by Nuzhen are: horse (China is a market with endless demand), sea green, gold and pearls, and forest products (honey, pine nuts and ginseng, which have always been important Chinese herbal medicines). Obviously, Nuzhen's tributes accounted for a small proportion in China's foreign trade, and for a long time, Nuzhen was only a negligible factor in the relationship established by tributes. But there is no doubt that the accidental contact with these more developed countries ignited a desire in Jurchen's heart, that is, to emulate these imperial courts and gain such majesty and splendor, just as their envoys from Northeast Lin Mang saw.

According to China's literature, Nvzhen is a member of the Margar tribe, who has lived in the northeast border area of North Korea and China for a long time. Cymbals themselves are not so much a unified community of national cultures as a mixture of different tribes. In the Tang Dynasty, they were subjects of the Bohai Kingdom in the southeast of China. Later, in the 10 century, some departments of Mohong tribe formed a group called "Five Kingdoms". Perhaps it is more appropriate to say that this group is an alliance. It is located in the northeast of Jilin Province today and became one of the ancestors of Jurchen. Another part of Mohong is seven tribes called "Black Water Mohong", who live in the middle and lower reaches of Heilongjiang ("Black Water" is one of the many names of Heilongjiang). The first generation ancestors of jurchen originated from Heishui, if we believe that the ancestors of jurchen in the traditional sense began to count from 12 century.

Before describing in more detail how the ministries of Jurchen gradually developed into an alliance country, it is necessary to describe the records of China's early history before the founding of the People's Republic. It is not clear when the ethnic name of Nuzhen first appeared in China literature. The appearance of cymbals was at the end of the 5th century, and the earliest record that can be associated with the name of Nuzhen was probably in 748 AD, when an ambassador and a "little girl" presented gold and silver to the court of the Tang Dynasty. These "Confucians" are said to be one of the nine leagues of Shiwei. In the Tang dynasty, their influence once extended to the north and west of the northeast, so some Tungusic-speaking tribes were all taken under their command. However, the name Jurchen disappeared at the beginning of 10 century. Thus, the split of the Tang Empire at the end of the 9th century led to the formation of several new regimes in the border areas of the Central Plains, among which Jurchen was indeed one. They sent tribute envoys to the Liao Dynasty court and the Han Dynasty court, first in the later Tang Dynasty (according to historical records, it was an envoy in 925 AD), and then from 96 1 to the Song Dynasty. Most of them go by sea via Liaodong Peninsula.

According to the general political background of China's frontier at that time, it can be explained why Jurchen appeared at this time. In the 9th century, the power extended from Liaodong Bay to Bohai in the northeast of China, and once monopolized the profitable trade and the tributary route to the Central Plains. In 926, the Bohai Sea was annexed by the Khitan Liao Dynasty. With the decline of Bohai Sea rule and the loosening of Liao Dynasty ruling institutions, ethnic groups and tribes in areas farther away from them have the opportunity to establish direct contact with the outside world. After 926, these Jurchen people lived in the Northeast Plain, especially in the Liaohe River Basin ...