Chinese name: Shang Yang
Alias: Wei Yang, Gong Sunyang, Shang Jun.
Nationality: China.
Nationality: China (the predecessor of Han nationality)
Place of birth: Weiguo
Date of birth: 395 years ago.
Date of death: 338 years ago
Occupation: political reformer, a representative figure of pre-Qin legalists.
Faith: ruling the country according to law
Main achievements: Shang Yang's political reform.
Masterpiece: The Book of Shang Jun.
Aid recipients: Qin Xiaogong.
Time: Early Warring States Period
Shang Yang (about 395-338 BC) was born in Wei State (now Puyang, Henan Province), Han nationality. Politicians, thinkers and famous legalists in the Warring States period. The descendant of the Duke of Wei was named Wei Yang, also known as Gongsun Yang, and was later named Shang Yang. At his request, he entered the state of Qin and persuaded him to carry out reform. After Xiao Gong's death, he was slandered by the nobles, and his car cracked and died. In the reign of 19, Qin ruled the country, which was known as Shang Yang's political reform in history.
Go to Qin state
Shang Yang's "Learning to Be Excellent and Being an Official" is a book devoted to the rule of law, which is deeply influenced by Li Kui, Wu Qi and others. Later, he was the prime minister of Wei, and when Gong Shucuo was seriously ill, he said to him, "Gong Sunyang is a young wizard and can be appointed as the prime minister." He also said to King Hui: "Since Sun Yang is not needed, you must kill him and don't order him to leave the country." After the death of the wrong uncle, Wei Huiwang was able to shrug off the wrong uncle's entrustment and didn't do it. When Sun Yang heard that the wise men of the whole country were ordered to recover the lost territory of Qin, he came to Qin with the Fa Jing. Through Qin Xiaogong's minions Jing Ke and Shang Yang's three visits to Qin Xiaogong, he put forward three monarch strategies: Emperor Dao, King Dao and Hegemony. Only hegemony has been respected and become the foundation of Qin's prosperity. In the first 359 years, he served as the head of Zuo Shu and began to reform. Later, he was promoted to a big beam seat.
Brew reform
Shang Yang
In 359 BC, when Shang Yang assisted Qin Xiaogong in brewing political reform, Gan Long and Du Zhi, representatives of the old aristocracy, rose up against the political reform. They think that profit is unchangeable and it is not easy to use. "There is nothing wrong with the ancient law, and there is nothing wrong with politeness." Shang Yang pointed out in a tit-for-tat way: "What was the ancient law in the past? If the emperor doesn't mend fences, why follow? " "Governing the world is different. At that time, the country was illegal, so Tang Wu was king without courtesy, and Yan Xia was not easy to die without courtesy. It is essential to resist the ancients, but there are not many people who follow the ceremony. " Therefore, he advocated "establishing the ceremony at that time and making the ceremony according to the matter" (Shang Jun Gengfa, Historical Records and Biography of Shang Jun). This refuted the so-called "legalist" and "etiquette" of the old aristocracy with the thought of historical evolution, and made public opinion preparations for the implementation of the reform.
Carry out political reform
In 13 (the first 356 years) and 19 (the first 350 years), Zhou Xianwang carried out two political reforms. The content of the reform is "abandon minefields, open buildings, implement the county system, reward farmers for fighting, and implement the method of sitting together." At this time, the prince broke the law, and Shang Yang said, "If the law doesn't work, you can commit it from above." Punish the teacher Gong Ziqian and the teacher Gong Sunjia. In the sixteenth year of Qin Xiaogong (346 BC), a teacher and a son committed a crime again, and Shang Yang was sentenced to cut off his nose. The reform has been going on for a long time, and the Qin people are happy. There are no thieves in the mountains. In the first 340 years, Qin and Zhao defeated General Ang, the son of Wei, and Wei cut the river and moved to Daliang. At this time, Wei Huiwang was furious: "I hate what my uncle said." Wei Yang was awarded the title of Shang Wuyi for his merits.
Be cracked by a car
Shang Jun's laws are too unkind and ungrateful. He made the law of sitting together, made strict laws, and increased the intensity of corporal punishment, including chiseling, pulling tendons, cooking in an iron pot and other punishments. In particular, the military title system aroused the dissatisfaction of Qin nobles. Zhao Liang, an aristocrat of the State of Qin, advised Shang Jun to hold grudges too deeply, and advised him to "go back to the fifteenth capital, lightly irrigate the garden", and "not be greedy for business, be rich in business, and not spoil the teaching of the State of Qin", but Shang Yang did not listen. In the first 338 years, King Huiwen ascended the throne, and the son Qian sued Shang Yang for rebellion. Shang Yang fled to the border and wanted to stay in the hostel. As a result, because he didn't show his documents, the store didn't dare to stay, so he "brought it on himself". In order to escape to Wei, Ren Wei did not want to take Shang Yang in, because Shang Yang had broken Mo Wei treacherously. Later, Shang Yang returned to Shangyi, sent troops to attack the north, sent troops to beg, and killed Yang in the pool. After his death, he was punished by the Qin dynasty with a "rip car", destroyed the Shangjun family, and edited the paragraph of Shang Yang's political reform.
Shang Yang carried out two large-scale reforms from 356 BC to 350 BC.
Shang Yang's First Reform
Shang Yang's first political reform was in 356 BC, not in 359 BC. On page 185 of Yang Kuan's History of the Warring States, there is a passage like this:
The main contents of the first political reform
The first political reform in 356 BC mainly included the following points: 1. Promulgating laws, establishing a martial law system, and imposing heavy penalties on minor crimes. Li Kui's "Law Classic" was promulgated and implemented, which increased the law of sitting. That is, five families are five friends. Why do ten families report on each other and share the same sin? Those who report "traitors" enjoy the same reward as those who cut the enemy, but do not report them. The family is hiding "traitors", and even Shi and Wu are both guilty. The guest house takes in passengers without official documents, and the owner is guilty of the same crime as the "traitor". 4. Reward the military service and establish a 20-level military service title system. The Qin Dynasty's 20-level military service title system [from low to high]: 1, male scholars 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 5, 5, 7, 7, 5. It is stipulated that the enemy's military leaders should be given the first prize, one hectare of land and nine acres of houses, and a "bastard" should be forced to work. The higher the title, the greater the corresponding political and economic privileges. Imperial clan and nobles who have no military service are not counted as members of the imperial clan and do not enjoy aristocratic privileges. Those with high titles can also "levy 300 cities", and they can also use titles to make amends or atone. 3. Emphasize agriculture and restrain commerce, and reward agriculture and weaving, especially land reclamation. It is stipulated that "anyone who cultivates and weaves in this industry will be rehabilitated; At the end of the day, the lazy and poor are regarded as paid "(meaning that they try their best to engage in the production of men's farming and women's weaving, and those who produce more food and cloth are exempt from their own corvee;" Those who are engaged in industry and commerce, those who are poor and bankrupt because they are not productive, together with their wives and children, are slaves of the government. 4. Emphasize that "ruling the country according to law" requires state officials to learn and understand the law, while those who study the law "take officials as teachers". 5. Turn the law into law. Emphasizing the universality of law has the function of "unifying the world". 6. It is unforgivable to impose heavy penalties on misdemeanors and strengthen legal awareness. Advocate that everyone who is guilty should be punished. Encourage the prosecution of traitors and deprive the old nobles of their privileges by legal means. For example, abolish the system of Shi Qing Shi Lu. It is stipulated that the imperial clan outside the direct blood clan of the monarch can cancel its aristocratic status without military merit. (9) Strengthen the central government's overall control over local governments and deprive the old aristocrats of their monopoly over local political power. ⒑ Unified measurement.
The main contents of the second political reform
The second political reform in 350 BC mainly included the following two points: 1. "Breaking through the building and blocking the border". Breaking away from the past, we closed the small field boundary and the field boundary of each mu, expanded the original "one hundred steps per mu" to 240 steps per mu, and re-set the "building" and "seal". The state recognizes the private rights of landlords and yeomen to land, and publicly allows the sale of land in law. The county system is widely implemented. The state of Qin is divided into 4 1 county. Where there were no counties in the past, many towns and cities gathered into counties, and a total of 3 1 county was built. Magistrates and county orders are appointed and removed by the monarch. Edit this paragraph, lay the foundation for the state of Qin, and dig your own grave.
In 36 1 year BC, Shang Yang entered Qin. This is a young man who is only 29 years old. However, Qin Xiaogong, who issued the "order for seeking the virtuous", was younger than him, only 22 years old and had just ascended the throne. At this time, the seven countries are competing for hegemony, and Qin can only be regarded as a second-rate country. But 23 years later, when Qin Xiaogong and Shang Yang died, Qin had become a "superpower". The encounter between monarch and minister opened a vigorous era of political reform. Without them, the first reunification in China's history after 140 years may be difficult to achieve. Shang Yang, a pawn in the state of Wei, is a descendant of the duke of Wei. He lived in the Warring States period, when a well-read man traveled around the world and peddled himself everywhere. They don't need their motherland, all they want is to meet his kindness. Shang Yang is no exception. He studied the theory of criminal names from an early age and explored a set of reform theories. Although his research on law and military affairs has surpassed that of his predecessors, Wu Qi and Li Kui, his method has no hope of being sold in China. The first opportunity came from Wei. Wei Cao Baoguo, the uncle of Xianggong, was very appreciative of Shang Yang's ingenuity. I don't know whether it's Shang Yang's misfortune or Wei's. When Gong Shucuo decided to recommend Shang Yang to Wei Huiwang, Gong Shucuo had been killed by the disease. He can only do his best to tell Wei Huiwang who came to visit the sick: "After I die, I hope you can take good care of the whole country and wait for Shang Yang's disposal." Wei Huiwang was probably frightened by this sentence: Shang Yang? He is only in his early twenties, and he is wet behind the ears! Of course, he respected the old minister and didn't say the country was old to his face. Uncle CuO is not old, but ginger is still old and spicy. He understood Wei Huiwang's expression, but he was helpless and said, "Since Shang Yang is not needed, he must be killed." Talents, like strategic materials, cannot be used or funded by the enemy. After Wei Huiwang left, Uncle CuO thought more and more that a young talent would die of himself? I don't know if people are dying and my heart is good. He sent for Shang Yang and told him what had happened: "Run away." Uncle CuO's eagerness is beyond words. It seems that his last effort in life was to save Shang Yang's life. However, in the face of an elderly person, Shang Yang's performance tells everyone that Jiang is not necessarily old-fashioned: "Since the king can't trust his vassal, how could he listen to you and kill his vassal?" Sure enough, Wei Huiwang didn't kill Shang Yang. Now that Uncle Cuo is dead, Shang Yang's future in Wei is zero. Where to go next? He lined up the seven heroes of the Warring States and wanted to know which country would be his buyer. At this time, Qin Xiaogong's "recruiting order" was issued. Shang Yang's eyes crossed Hangu Pass, and he decided to March into the State of Qin. Thirdly, Qin Xiaogong Shang Yang got to know Qin Xiaogong recommended by his favourite Jing Ke. Meeting for the first time, Shang Yang still couldn't figure out Qin Xiaogong's idea. He tentatively started with three emperors and five emperors. Before he finished, Qin Xiaogong was sleepy. Afterwards, Qin Xiaogong angered Jing Ke: "All the friends you recommended know how to talk big." Seeing Qin Xiaogong's reaction, Shang Yang was happy instead: "It turns out that Qin Gong's ambition is not in Emperor Tao." When we met for the second time, he talked about Wang Dao's benevolence and righteousness. Qin Xiaogong was more interested than last time, but he still felt irrelevant and yawned. Shang Yang was even happier: "Qin Gong is not king." So, when we met for the third time, Shang Yang really asked, "Now the world is divided. Don't you want to expand your territory and become a champion? " Qin Xiaogong suddenly refreshed, he wants to be overbearing! Listening, he involuntarily moved closer to Shang Yang. Finally, Qin Xiaogong no longer reserved, excitedly holding Shang Yang's hand: "You teach me." Convinced Qin Xiaogong, Shang Yang's plan of strengthening the country only sold more than half. Gan Long, Du Zhi and others didn't buy Shang Yang's story: "Shang Yang came from a foreign country, and he didn't know the actual situation of Qin. The monarch is just confused by his rhetoric. " Smart Qin Xiaogong is in no hurry to make a statement. He wants to see how businessmen respond-if you can't convince ministers of your political reform policy, how can you promote the whole country? Shang Yang stood up and held a famous "national defense meeting" with ministers. Gan Long said, we should imitate the sages. Shang Yang counted the successful or failed monarchs. Anyone who has done something must create something and surpass it. Chen and Chen Xiang died because of it. Only by keeping up with the times can they make great achievements. Eloquent, eloquent, the other party was speechless. Convinced the minister, Shang Yang's political reform policy gained a firm foothold in the imperial court. But will the people believe your new policy? Shang Yang thought of a way. One day, Shang Yang personally came to the south gate of the capital and made people erect a 30-foot-high wood. People don't know why, so they come to watch. Shang Yang announced that if he could carry this piece of wood to the north gate, he would be rewarded with twelve taels of gold. "This is a great reward!" There was a scream from the crowd, but no one believed it. The next day, Shang Yang decisively raised the reward to fifty gold. Finally, a young man came out to try his luck. He easily moved the wood to the north gate. Under the eyes of the public, Shang Yang paid the money on the spot. A national sensation: Shang Yang keeps his promise! In 356 BC, Shang Yang began a thorough and systematic reform in Qin State. The land system has changed, and buildings have been opened, except for mining fields; Public security management has been strengthened, and even soldiers sit together and supervise each other; Abolish the aristocratic privilege, reward farming, let more grain be produced, make contributions, and make outstanding farmers proud; A hierarchical order of titles was established, regardless of civilians and nobles, and rewards were given for meritorious service. As long as you make more contributions, you can get rich. Since then, Qin's army has become a master of tigers and wolves. Since winning by killing the enemy can bring wealth and status, why not? For more than ten years, "Qin Min is happy, and the road is not picked up; There are no thieves in the mountains, and the family gives people enough; People are brave in public war, afraid of private fighting, and township governance. " In 350 BC, under the auspices of Shang Yang, Qin moved its capital to Xianyang, and the administrative division was divided into counties. Then, Qin seized the land west of Wei, forcing Wei to move the capital. Even the nominal emperor, Zhou, should congratulate Qin like a vassal. Throughout the world, there is no powerful country except Qin. Qin Xiaogong fulfilled his promise in the Order of Seeking Virtue: "Use it to divide the land". Shang Yang is known as a great hero and was awarded the title of Shang Jun for his achievements. Great honor and power overthrew the ruling and opposition parties, and Shang Yang reached the peak of his life. Die under their own laws. However, the strength of Qin State is not in the interests of all Qin people, and the old nobles bear the brunt. After the privilege was abolished, they became the sworn enemies of Shang Yang. As early as the beginning of the political reform, the prince accused Shang Yang: "The new law is strict." According to Shang Yang's policy, who dares to speak ill of the new law is not bad? If you can't punish the prince, you should also punish Gong Ziqian, two teachers who taught the prince. His nose was cut off and Gong Sunjia's face was stabbed. Although the authority of the law can be guaranteed, the future monarch has sinned. (Someone advised Shang Yang to retreat quickly. But at the peak of power, how many people know how to retreat? Probably Shang Yang thought he could still make a fortune. He underestimated the ever-changing politics and the selfish side of the monarch. He is not interested in civilian life. ) So, in the later period of Qin Xiaogong, Shang Yang had too many opportunities to leave a retreat for himself, but he gave up. Note: The above (. . . ) This paragraph is nonsense. Heart-killing theory In 338 BC, Qin Xiaogong died. This is the moment that many people are waiting for-the situation will change dramatically because of a person's existence or not. Prince Shang succeeded to the throne as King Huiwen. Gong Ziqian and others finally got the chance of revenge. They condemned Shang Jun's rebellion and sent officials to hunt him down. It was difficult for Shang Yang to defend himself, so he had to flee. At the beginning of the moonlit night, Shang Yang fled to Hangu Pass, and Guan Shou did not know the change of Xianyang City. But what Shang Yang never expected was that he fled in such a hurry that he forgot to bring his certificate to verify his identity, and every shopkeeper told him: "According to the law formulated by our adult Shang Yang, hotels and unlicensed guests mainly sit together. sin!" Shang Yang sighed: "Alas, it is really the disadvantage of the law, so far!" When I gave the order to sit together that day, did I ever think about entering this order myself? Shang Yang had no choice but to return to the fief, hastily formed a team to rebel and was defeated. King Qin Huiwen severely punished him for breaking a car, warning the world that "no business is against the king." Shang Yang's tragedy is full of a strong sense of history and destiny. He ruled Qin Guoda 19 years, which created a prosperous Qiang Qin. Only the first emperor "continued to be fierce after the six generations, made a long-term plan, conquered the internal affairs, swallowed the princes for two weeks, fulfilled the supreme and made Liuhe"; Only then did the Qin and Han dynasties system coexist with the tradition of hegemony and kingly rule the country. He died under his own law and defended the dignity of reform with his life. /kloc-More than 0/000 years later, another reformer, Wang Anshi, who stood at the forefront of the times, wrote a poem with tears in the face of Shang Jun's life story on a night of hazy moonlight and cool breeze: Since ancient times, people have been sincere, and a word is worth a hundred dollars. Today's people must be Shang Yang, who can make politics imperative. With its reform, Shang Yang initiated the Qin Dynasty to sweep the world. Edit the historical evaluation of this paragraph.
Since the birth of Daqin Empire, the number of modern people who like Shang Yang has increased dramatically. If nothing else, Shang Yang in the play seems to make people know this legendary historical figure again, "extremely loyal, regardless of personal factors." This is a compliment to the world master Qin Xiaogong, and I believe this is the voice of millions of people! Historical evaluation of Shang Yang
Negative evaluation
Due to the rejection of Confucianism, Shang Yang, who used violent means to carry out rapid reforms, was not well evaluated in history, so that thousands of years later people even called A Qin a country of tigers and wolves. Sima Qian wrote in Historical Records and Biography of Shang Jun that Tai Shigong said, "Shang Jun is also despicable. It is not the essence to trace his desire to be filial by the emperor's skill and to hold the theory of floating. What's more, punishing the son of God, bullying Wei Jiangang, and ignoring Zhao Liang's words are enough to discover the kindness of Shang Jun. I tried to read Shang Jun's gauntlet, which is similar to others' practice. The pawn is notorious in Qin, and he is married! " Later generations also said: "Wei Yang entered Qin, so he refined his sword. You don't have to be king, but you can meet your relatives. Politics must be reformed and rituals must be followed. He bullied General Wei and blamed the Qin people. What's the matter, traveling backwards! "
Positive evaluation
However, some people affirmed Shang Yang, such as Wang Anshi: Since ancient times, people have been sincere, and a word is more important than gold. Today's people must be Shang Yang, who can make politics imperative. This is an affirmation of Shang Yang's strategy of governing the country. "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" said: "He who believes in his husband is a treasure of the monarch. The state is protected by the people and the people are protected by the written language. It is impossible to convince the people, and it is impossible for them to defend the country. Therefore, the king of ancient times did not bully the four seas, the king did not bully his neighbors, the people did not bully for the good of the country, and the relatives did not bully for the good of the family. On the contrary, those bad people bully their neighbors, their people, even their brothers and their fathers and sons. Do not believe, do not believe, centrifuge up and down, and you will lose. What a pity! Harvest can't cure injury, and harvest can't make up for death! In the past, Qi Huangong didn't back the alliance of Cao Mo, Jin Wengong didn't covet the original benefits, Wei Wenhou didn't abandon the dangerous period, and Qin Xiaogong didn't waste the reward of moving wood. The way of these four monarchs is not the quintessence of China, while the Shang monarchs are especially mean, in a world of war and attack. The world tends to deceive, but they still dare not forget to believe in animals and their people. The situation is the governor of the four seas! "Although Shang Yang is mean, the so-called" gone with the world "is understandable, but it shows Shang Yang's integrity. Liang Qichao also listed Shang Yang as one of the greatest politicians in the history of China, along with Guan Zhong, Zhuge Liang, Li Deyu, Wang Anshi and Zhang (Bai Yang listed "six prime ministers of China" as Guan Zhong, Shang Yang, Zhuge Liang, Wang Meng, Wang Anshi and Zhang). Compared with the above-mentioned "six great politicians in China", Li Deyu was replaced by Wang Meng). In modern times, although there are a few different voices, most people admit that Shang Yang is a hero who dares to touch the old forces and dare to reform.
Tai Shigong's evaluation
Tai Shigong said: Shang Jun, his talent is despicable. It is not the essence to trace his desire to be filial by the emperor's skill and to hold the theory of floating. What's more, punishing the son of God, bullying General Wei, and ignoring Zhao Liang's words are enough to invent Shangjun's kindness. I tried to read the gauntlet, which is similar to others' practice. The pawn is notorious in Qin dynasty, and he is married! Wei Yang entered Qin because of Jing Ke. You don't have to be king, but you can meet your relatives. Politics must be reformed and rituals must be followed. He bullied General Wei and blamed the Qin people. How to do it? Travel against the enemy.
Biography of Historical Records and Shang Jun