Rogbaken, 12 14 ~ 1292. Born in Ichester, Somerset, he is a great British materialist thinker and scientist. He has many works, among which masterpieces are the most famous.
Roger bacon studied at Oxford University and was a Franciscan monk. After studying in Paris, he obtained a doctorate in theology and returned to England in 1250 to teach at Oxford University. He was imprisoned for 15 years because the scientific ideas in many of his works were not accepted by the church and offended the fascist leaders.
Roger bacon's philosophy is materialistic. At Oxford University, he read many Greek and * * * works. During his stay in Paris, he wrote and taught the analysis of Aristotle's works, enthusiastically praised and publicized the thoughts of ancient philosophers such as Aristotle, and sharply criticized scholasticism. He strongly opposes the excessive worship of authority, and regards this, habit, prejudice and conceit as four obstacles to gaining true knowledge. Although he is a monk himself, he lashed out at the decay, greed, luxury and pride of the monk class.
It can be said that roger bacon is a pioneer of modern experimental science. He actively advocated and engaged in scientific experiments. From the point of view, observation and experiment are the only ways to gain true knowledge.
Roger bacon has made in-depth research in physics, especially in optics. Most of his scientific experiments are optical, and many of them are based on Al Haizi's works. Most of his theoretical research on optics is based on experiments, and he imagines how to apply it to real life. For example, he studied the magnifying effect of convex lens and the law of reverse refraction of light through experiments. He imagined making telescopes, microscopes and glasses. He also proved through experiments that the rainbow is a natural phenomenon formed by sunlight shining on water droplets in the air, not made by God.
Roger bacon believed that observation and experiment were the only way to gain true knowledge, so his scientific research was characterized by simple materialism. Prior to this, Hippocrates, an ancient Greek scientist, also proposed a research method based on observation. He proposed to reform the subject content of philosophy to meet the needs of reality. He put forward a new discipline of "experimental science" in the composition of philosophy. His new discipline consists of five parts: mathematics, linguistics, perspective, experimental science and ethics, which embodies the spirit of scientific rationality advocated by him.
As the most famous scientist and philosopher in the Middle Ages, Bacon has been engaged in scientific research in Oxford University for a long time, and these achievements have met the requirements of modern science. His research covers a wide range, including not only the new subject of "experimental science", but also astronomical phenomena, lightning, alchemy, gunpowder, microscopic observation and so on. By studying the refraction law of light in the eyes, he found that convex lens plays an important role in restoring people's vision, and his achievements promoted the birth of glasses.
Like an alchemist, roger bacon tried to find a philosopher's stone that could turn all metals into gold, but he also made many valuable scientific experiments.
Roger bacon attached great importance to the study of mathematics. He believes that mathematics is a powerful tool for educating and training people, and it is also an essential basic knowledge for learning other disciplines. He also introduced many foreign natural science knowledge and inventions. For example, in a letter from 1249, he mentioned gunpowder. He also imagined electric bicycles, boats, planes and so on.
Roger bacon's view of experimental science had a great influence on the development of natural science. From him, experimental science began to develop gradually and soon became an important aspect of scientific research.
Roger bacon-Story
/kloc-the other two greatest European scholars in the 3rd century were roger bacon (1220- 1292), who was the pioneer of modern experimental science. Bacon had a great teacher. Grosset and Grosset were English priests and later became bishops of Lincoln. He introduced Aristotle to England, but he was not superstitious about Aristotle. He emphasized the role of experiments in understanding nature. It is said that he has done many optical experiments himself. Based on these optical studies, he also proposed that the universe is composed of matter and light. Grosse's thoughts and research work had a great influence on Bacon. Bacon said, "Only the bishop of Lincoln City really understands science.". Bacon came from a very rich family. He studied at Oxford University and then at Paris University for several years. Because of his extensive reading and broad vision, as well as the critical and skeptical spirit given to him by Grosse, this talented young man made a voice that never existed in the Middle Ages. He said that there are four reasons why people make mistakes: first, they worship authority too much; second, they are confined to habits; third, they are confined to prejudice; and fourth, they are conceited about limited knowledge. I have a good understanding of this point in the chapter "The Spread of Western Learning to the East and the Backwardness of Science and Technology in Modern China": Western science brought to China by missionaries has not been widely spread in China because of resistance from all sides. The reason is that "it is better to let China have no good calendar than to let westerners be in midsummer." There are only a few exceptions to algorithms and calendars. At that time, the general mentality of intellectuals was complacency and arrogance, and traditional culture rejected foreign culture very much. They did not objectively and dialectically analyze western learning, and were blindly optimistic and arrogant about middle schools. They either think that western learning has existed in China since ancient times, but it was later lost, or that western learning is not as good as middle school, including Xu Guangqi, Li Zhi and Mei Wending, scientists who actively accepted western learning. These wrong judgments and practices make the road of western learning spreading to the east more difficult and long.
Bacon opposed judging the truth according to books and authority, and advocated "understanding natural science, medicine, alchemy and everything in the world through experiments". This bold and skeptical scientific spirit was not understood at that time.
Bacon wrote three works in his life: the great work, the small work and the third work, mainly during the period of Pope Clemente IV. He raised the importance of mathematics education and continued his optical research in Grosse. In the book, he described the reflection and refraction of light, talked about the manufacture of magnifying glass, and put forward the explanation of rainbow. He found that the years in julian calendar are slightly longer than the actual years, and there is one more day every 130 years. He also stressed that the earth is round. And estimated the size of the earth, put forward the idea of sailing around the world. Columbus was influenced by this idea. Bacon also mentioned many mechanical manufacturing and various inventions. The first record of gunpowder in European history was given by him in a letter 1247.
Bacon's ideas are too advanced to be understood. 1277, he was put into prison until 1292. Shortly after he was released from prison, Bacon died in poverty.
Roger bacon achievements
Bacon generally accepted the theological system of the Middle Ages, but also developed his own theological thought in his great works. Bacon summed up the ancient and medieval philosophy and scientific thoughts, and he made use of the works of many scholars, from which he made some discoveries. Bacon developed some distinctive philosophical thoughts, but his real contribution was in the field of science. He believes that mathematics is the foundation of all philosophy, experiment is the door to knowledge and the standard to test truth.
Although Bacon's main interest is to guide the soul to approach God's "internal" experimental science, he also expounded the "external" experimental science of the material world. Bacon's works cover astronomy, chronology, meteorology and geography. He discussed many optical principles and found the magnifying performance of convex lens. According to tradition, Bacon invented the diving bell. Bacon also predicted the invention of spaceships, airplanes and cars without horses, which was 200 years earlier than Columbus. Bacon pointed out that people could sail westward across the Atlantic Ocean to reach Asia.