Li Chantong is 28 cm high, 22 cm in diameter and weighs 7950 grams. It is a typical style of the early Western Zhou Dynasty, with small mouth, bulging belly, double earlobes, square seats and round feet, which looks like a god of death in heaven. The belly and square seats are decorated with gluttonous patterns and poems, and the circle feet are decorated with poems and clouds and thunder patterns. Inscriptions on the ventral floor are of great historical value. The inscription on the belly of the bamboo slips is as follows: The King of Wu asked for business, and only Jia Zichao, Ding Sui and Ke Hun had business, while Xin Wei and Wang Zailan gave money for things as treasures of the Tang Dynasty.
On the morning of Jiazi Festival, when King Wu conquered Shang State, it was reported that various armies occupied Chao Ge in the morning. On the day of Xinwei, our army was stationed in Lanzhou and gave you a bronze statue as a treasure of Tangong Palace. The inscription on the inner wall clearly records that the battle of "King Wu Zhengshang" took place on the morning of Jiazi Day in a certain year, and the "Year of the Month" was full of stars; In Xin Wei Li, eight days after the downfall of Shang Dynasty, Li was deeply honored to reward "You Si" with bronze at the military station, so he used bronze casting treasure to commemorate this event.
From the analysis, from the eighth day after the war, the relevant personnel were rewarded, indicating that the war did not last long.
Through the detection of carbon samples around Li Yan, the famous "King Wu Zheng Shang" campaign has an absolute age: 65438 BC+65438 BC+10/October 20th.
The battle between King Wu and merchant Makino is an extremely important historical event in the history of our country. However, for a long time, people's understanding of this incident has always relied on literature, but there is no direct physical witness. According to the historical records of pre-Qin Dynasty, in the last years of Shang Dynasty, Zhou Wang was dissolute, set up a wine pool and a meat forest, loved da ji, set up a brand punishment, and dug up the heart of struggle, which made the people miserable, the world boiled, the society was in turmoil, and the princes were centrifugal.
Zhou Ben is a small country far away in the northwest, but after careful management by King Wen, it has gradually become stronger, and some small countries around it have been conquered and some have joined voluntarily. By the time he ascended the throne, most of the merchant's territory belonged to Zhou.
With the help of Jiang Ziya, Zhou Gongdan and other famous ministers, King Wu actively prepared to crusade against Shang Zhouwang. In the face of Zhou Wuwang's massive advance and armed demonstrations, Zhou Wang was not prepared, but mobilized the main force to crusade against Dongyi, which led to the emptiness of Wang Ji.
At the beginning of 65438 BC+65438 BC+0.046 BC, the King of Wu led 300 chariots and 300 warriors from all over the country and tribes, totaling more than 40,000 people, and sent troops to conquer merchants and killed them in a mighty way. Zhou Wang confronted Zhou Jun, with an army of about 700,000 men, made up of captive and captured Dongyi people. When the two armies met at Konoha, King Wu's army was unstoppable. In addition, Dongyi people defected to the front, and Zhou Wang died of defeat and self-immolation. That night, Zhou Jun entered Chao Ge City, and the rule of Shang Dynasty ended.
According to the records of Shangshu Pastoral Oath and Yizhoushu Tianxia Prison, the battle of Makino took place in the early morning of Jiazi Day, which can be verified by the bronze inscription "Li", which reads that the prince of Wu seeks something, and only Jiazi faces the court. Therefore, the relevant records in Shangshu Pastoral Oath and Yizhoushu Tianxia Prison are all true records.
Li Chan is a round square seat with two ears, which is a new style in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The inscription above is completely consistent with the records in the ancient documents of China. The name of the maker is Li. He took part in the war with King Wu and won a prize after his victory. He cast this bronze vessel to record his achievements and to pay homage to his ancestors. Li Chan is a certain bronze ware in the early Western Zhou Dynasty.
Tianwugui discovered in Shaanxi is also a famous bronze ware in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, also known as "Taihō Gui" or "Yigui", with a height of 24 cm, a caliber of 2 1 cm and a base diameter of 18 cm.
The sky is a small mouth, with four animals' heads and ears, drooping square ears, a deep belly and a continuously cast square seat under the circle.
This four-eared square bronze reed was a unique style in the early Western Zhou Dynasty. The reed body is opposite to the square seat, and the body is curled like a snail. This posture of Kuiwen is also a feature of the early Zhou Dynasty.
There is a 78-word inscription on Tian Wugui's insole, which describes that Zhou Wuwang held a sacrificial ceremony in the "Tianfang" after the demise of Shang Dynasty to pay homage to his father, Zhou Wenwang, instead of the position of Shang King to offer sacrifices to the God Emperor in heaven. After the sacrificial ceremony, King Wu held a grand banquet and received a death reward from God. This reed was cast to commemorate this honor.
The inscriptions are uneven and varied, showing the beauty of harmonious movement in the simple prose, and some light and heavy strokes have ink brought by natural writing to some extent. The rhyme used in inscriptions created the precedent of ancient ci and fu, and it was also the early expression of Chinese rhyme. Its inscription is as follows:
Yihai, Wang Youdafeng, Wang Fan, three parties, Wang Si in heaven, down, the day died and the king. Sacrificing the king's clothes does not show the test of the king of Wen, but the ability and moral integrity of things like God and Wang Wen. Don't show the provincial king, don't show the Tang king, don't show rudeness, and worship the king in vain! Ding Chou, Wang Xiang, Justice, and the Death of Wang. I celebrate again, and every time I rise to the king, I rest for nothing.
There is also the Kanghou bamboo pole found in the tomb of Hou Wei, a new village in Xunxian County, Henan Province, which also describes the history of the king of Wu's felling of merchants. This bamboo pole is 24 cm high, with a diameter of 465,438+0 cm, with a light neck and a slightly bulging abdomen, and the high circle is enough to widen the side. The earlobe of an animal's head is rectangular and small, with its nose upturned and its horns hunched. Body decoration, the abdomen is a single straight stripe, the neck and circle feet are alternately arranged with four eye lines, and there are small animal heads protruding in the center of both sides of the neck.
There is an inscription on the bottom of the GUI vessel of Kanghou, with 24 words. It tells the story that after the King of Zhou attacked the Shang Dynasty, he ordered Kang Hou Jianguo to defend the land, and Su Situ made this device for his dead father.
During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the system of rites and music developed greatly. Three permanent chimes were found in Rujiazhuang, Baoji, Shaanxi and Zhangjiapo, Chang 'an, which chimed the bells for Yunzao. The wall clock is convenient and practical, and can also play the role of better sound quality and more accurate timbre.
At this time, there are also bars that prohibit the combination of wine containers. For example, Kuiwen Forbidden discovered in Baoji, Shaanxi Province, is rectangular and flat, with carved holes around it and three oval holes on the forbidden surface, which may be used to place bronze plaques.
At the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, Ding basically maintained the Shang Dynasty style of vertical ears, shallow abdomen and column feet. However, the column foot in Fang Ding has developed into a slender type, and the square-seated binaural or four-eared reed is a unique form in this period.
At this time, the combination of bronze ritual vessels has the cooperation of Jue and Gui, Ding and Gui. Ding system began to appear, reflecting the strengthening of etiquette. In the shape of a tripod, the column foot and hoof foot of the tripod coexist. Moreover, some large-scale eating utensils began to appear at the beginning of the week, such as the famous heavy cauldron, which weighs 153.5 kg and is heavy and elegant.
In addition, there is the Chunhua Dading found in Chunhua County, Shaanxi Province, which is rare, with a height of 1.22 m, a caliber of 0.83 m and a weight of 226 kg. In addition to two straight ears, this tripod has three semicircular ears cast in its abdomen, which is a special case of tripod modeling.
The main pattern on the tripod is the dragon pattern on the bull's head. On both sides of this bull's head, there is a lizard's body, with one limb and four toes, covered with scales and curled tail.
Perhaps it is to show more clearly that this is a tauren lizard, and under this dragon head, a completely true tauren has been cast. Dingding also carved four crocodile-shaped protodragons, which were tall and magnificent in shape and solemn and magical in decoration, fully demonstrating the outstanding artistic attainments of the working people in ancient China.
Ding has another dish under the circle. This plate is used to burn charcoal. This small and practical instrument was a new invention at that time. This period was widely popular, and the formula of combination was more stable than that of the late Shang Dynasty. Animal face patterns and Kui Wen are still the main themes of decorative patterns in this period, but some new decorative patterns have also appeared, such as reeds found in Gaojiabao, Jingyang, Shaanxi, and Kui Wen with symmetrical volume and square seats in the abdomen. Yan Houyu's abdomen in Machanggou, Lingyuan, has gorgeous bird heads and feathers, which is very characteristic of the times. Feng Niaowen with long tail, high crown or long tail is often decorated in important parts of utensils, which is very eye-catching and gorgeous. A duck-shaped bottle was also found in Lingyuan. The belly of a duck is decorated with diagonal squares to show the fullness of its feathers.
A big tripod found in Chang 'an, Shaanxi Province is unique, and its abdomen is covered with hooked thunder patterns. The two-body dragon pattern and a two-body cow pattern found in Sichuan are unique in style. Some vessels are decorated with high edges or parts of flat carved animals protruding from the desktop, such as the dragon face pattern found in Beidong Village, Harqin Left-wing Mongolian Autonomous County, Liaoning Province, which covers the dragon's head and sticks its head out of the desktop. Bojuwei, discovered in Liu Lihe River, Fangshan, Beijing, is magnificent and beautiful, with animal head patterns on the cover and prominent horns.
The decorative patterns are still complicated, and the animal face pattern, dragon pattern, tailless Feng Niaowen and nipple pattern are all more developed than those in Shang Dynasty. The decorative ridge and solid horn animal head are very popular and developed.
From the shape point of view, the bronzes of the Western Zhou Dynasty were made of pottery, and like those of the Xia and Shang Dynasties, they were all made by hand, so they could not be cast of the same pottery. Therefore, there were no identical bronzes in the Western Zhou Dynasty.
In the early, middle and late stages, the abdomen of Ding, Zun, Yi and Gui was characterized by drooping and bulging, which was called hanging abdomen type. Among them, there are a pair of simple ones found in Baicaopo, Lingtai, Gansu; A traveling father was found in Fufeng, Shaanxi. Very thin and even, very thin waist, beautiful and lovely. In addition, the flat-bellied ear tripod, the high-necked tripod, the four-legged tripod, the Fiona Fang mouth and the ear plate are all different from the similar utensils in the late Shang Dynasty. Common weapons basically keep the tradition of Shang dynasty, and cymbals are rare. Gordo is a short beard and a muddy halberd has been developed.
The dagger is a kind of weapon that appeared and developed rapidly in this period. In addition, there are compound alien weapons of A, Ge and spear. Inscriptions have developed greatly and become an important symbol to distinguish bronzes from bronzes in the early Zhou Dynasty.
The tradition of making inscriptions with family emblems, which is common in Shang Dynasty, is still maintained today. At the same time, there are long inscriptions commemorating the history of ancestors, which have obvious characteristics of Zhou culture and the fonts are mostly obviously wavy.